North Africa Campaign. 1940-3. Montgomery, Alexander defeat Rommel’s Afrikan Korps.

North German Confederation. 1867-71. 22 states led by Prussia. German Empire.

Novotny, Antonin. 1904-75. Stalinist Czech leader 1953-68. Deposed.

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. 1963. US, UK, USSR, + 100 signatories. No atmospheric, underwater, or space tests. France, China decline, continue testing.

Nullification. US states’ rights to remedy federal abuse of power locally. Calhoun.

Nuremberg Trials. 1945-6. Trials of 22 Nazi leaders for crimes in WWII. 12 death sentences.

O’Connell, Daniel. 1775-1847. Irish leader. Founded Catholic Association, 1823. Election to Parliament led to Catholic Emancipation Act, 1829.

Oder-Neisse Line. 1945- Polish-German border established by Potsdam Conference.

Oldcastle, John. c1378-1417. English soldier. Lollard heretic leader. Model for Falstaff.

Olive Branch Petition. 1775. Moderate Americans attempt to avoid war. Ignored by George III.

Olmütz, Treaty. 1850. Restored German Confederation under Austria.

Olympias. c175-316BC. Wife of Philip of Macedonia. Mother of Alexander the Great.

Olympics, Modern. 1896 Athens. 1900 Paris. 1904 St. Louis. 1908 London. 1912 Stockholm. 1920 Antwerp. Summer: 1924 Paris. 1928 Amsterdam. 1932 Los Angeles. 1936 Berlin. 1948 London. 1952 Helsinki. 1956 Melbourne. 1960 Rome. 1964 Tokyo. 1968 Mexico City. 1972 Munich. 1976 Montreal. 1980 Moscow. 1984 Los Angeles. 1988 Seoul. 1992 Barcelona. 1996 Atlanta. 2000 Sydney. 2004 Athens. 2008 Beijing. Winter: 1924 Chamonix. 1928 St Moritz. 1932 Lake Placid. 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen. 1948 St Moritz. 1952 Oslo. 1956 Cortina d’Ampezzo. 1960 Squaw Valley. 1964 Innsbruck. 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo. 1976 Innsbruck. 1980 Lake Placid. 1984 Sarajevo. 1988 Calgary. 1992 Albertville. 1994 Lillehammer. 1998 Nagano. 2002 Salt Lake City. 2006 Torino. Olympia.

Orcus. Roman god of underworld and dead. = Hades.

Oregon Question. 1818-46. Britain vs US on Canadian border. Treaty established 49°N 1846.

Orff, Carl. 1895-1982. Modern German composer. Straightforward. Carmina Burana 1936.

Orpheus. Mythical Greek poet. Tamed animals with lyre. Music charmed underworld gods in bid to free wife.

Osceola. c1804-38. Seminole leader. Arrested at truce talks.

Osiris. Vegetation god who introduced civilization to Egypt. God of underworld.

Osman I. 1258-1326. Turkish founder of Ottoman Empire 1299. Conquered Byzantium.

Paderewski, Ignacy. 1860-1941. Polish pianist, composer. Prime Minister 1919.

Pakistan. 25C BC Indus civilization. 15C BC Aryan. 6C Achaemenid. 326 Alexander. 4C BC Maurya Empire. c50 AD Kushan. 4C Gupta. 5C Hun. 8C Moslem. 11C Turks. 1206 Delhi Sultanate. 1526 Mogul. 1780 Sikh. 1840 British India. 1947 Independent. 1956 Islamic Republic. 1971 -Bangladesh.

Paleologus. Byzantine dynasty 1259-1453. Ousted crusader kings. Defeated by Turks.

Palestine. Holy land of Jews, Christians, Moslems. 2100BC Amorites invade. 18C BC Hyksos. 16C Hebrews settle. 1500 Egypt. 142 Maccabees. 63BC Rome...5C Byzantine. 614 Persia. 640 Moslem. 1099 Latin Kingdom. 1187 Saladin. 1291 Mameluk. 16C Ottoman. 1917 Britain. 1920 British under League of Nations mandate. 1947 Partition, Independent Israel.

Panthéon. 1758-89. Paris. Soufflot. Ordered by Louis XV after recovering from illness.

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