Lauder, Harry. 1870-1950. Scot singer/composer: Roamin’ in the Gloamin’.

Lauderdale, John. 1616-82. Scottish statesman. Cabal Ministry. Repressive rule of Scotland.

Lavoisier, Antoine. 1743-94. French “father of modern chemistry”. Oxygen in combustion 1772. Guillotined.

La Voisin. Burned at the stake for selling “inheritance powder” (poison), 1680. Poisons Affair.

Lawrence, D.H. 1885-1930. Censored English psychological novelist exploring consciousness and morality. Sons and Lovers 1913. Women in Love 1926. Lady Chatterly’s Lover 1928. Modernism.

Lawrence, James. 1781-1813. US naval commander in War of 1812. -“Don’t give up the ship!”

Leander. Hero’s lover who swam Hellespont nightly.

Lebanon. 25C BC Phoenicia. 6C BC Persia. 332 Alexander. 64BC Rome. 5C Byzantine. 7C Moslems, Maronite Christians. 11C Druse(S). 1516 Ottoman. 1861 Christian autonomy under Ottomans. 1920 French mandate. 1926 Republic under France. 1943 Independent republic. 1975-91 Civil war.

Lebrun, Albert. 1871-1950. French president 1931-40. Surrendered to Pétain.

Leclerc, Jacques-Philippe. 1902-47. French WWII resistance leader. Led 1500 mile march to liberate Paris, 1944.

Le Duc Tho. 1911-90. Vietnamese Communist leader, revolutionary. Paris Peace Conference. (Refused)

Lee, Anne. 1736-84. English/US mystic Shaker leader.

Lee, Robert E. 1807-70. Brilliant Confederate general. Captured John Brown. Surrender at Appomatox ended Civil War.

Legal Tender Act. 1862. US authorizes paper money without gold backing.

Léger, Fernand. 1881-1955. French painter. Modernist mechanistic forms of solid colors. Femme au Livre 1923. Grande Parade 1954.

Legion of Honour. French national order instituted by Napoleon, 1802. Five ranks: Grands Croix, Grands Officiers, Commandeurs, Officiers, Chevaliers.

Lenoir, Alexandre. 1761-1839. Archeologist. Founder of the Museum of French Monuments.

Leopold and Loeb. 1924. Wealthy, intellectual partners ‘perfect’ murder of Bobby Franks leads to life imprisonment. Darrow plea avoids execution.

Liberty, Statue of. 1886. Bartholdi sculpture. Gift from France.

Liechtenstein. 5C Alemanni. Franks. 1342 Independent. 1396 HRE. 1719 Principality «HRE. 1806 Rhine Confederation.1815 German Confederation. 1852 Customs Union with Austria 1923 Customs Union with Switzerland.

Lilburne, John. 1614-57. English leader of Levellers during Civil War.

Lin Piao. 1907-71. Chinese Communist. general, political leader. Died after coup attempt.

Lithuania. 1238 Mindaugas unites. 1385 +Poland. 1569 Lublin Union under Poland. 1795 Prussia/ Russia. 1918 Independent. 1926 Smetona putsch. 1940 USSR. 1991 Independent.

Liturgical Movement. 19-20C Christian church modernization of liturgy.

Locke, John. 1632-1704. English philosopher. Empiricism-all knowledge is derived from experience: On Civil Government 1689. Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690. ‘Sound mind in a sound body’. Evil brings pain, Good brings pleasure. Advocated separation of legislature from executive, as applied in Britain and US. Natural rights (property, pursuit of happiness, religion) influenced US Constitution, led to Enlightenment. Philosophical basis of French and American Revolutions. Epistemological foundations of modern Science.

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