Armstrong, Louis. 1900-71. US New Orleans Jazz trumpeter and band leader.

Aroostook War. 1838-9. US-Canadian border dispute in East.

Articles of Confederation. 1781-9. First US Constitution.

Artigas, José. 1764-1850. Uruguay revolutionary leader. “Father of Uruguayan independence”.

Artois. 5C Franks. 9C Flanders. 1180 France 1329 Burgundy, Austria. 1659 France.

Ashanti Empire. 17-19C Ghana kingdom. Supplied slaves to traders.

Ashcan. 20C US school of modern art.

Assassins. 1124-1270. Secret Moslem order who murdered all enemies.

Assignats. French legal tender, 1789-96. Overissue caused inflation. Became worth 1% of face value.

Atatürk (Mustafa Kemal). 1881-1938. Turkish founder, first president, 1923. 1919-22 drove Greeks out. Major reforms to modernize Turkey.

Attila. 406-453. Leader of the Huns. 434 attacked Gaul, defeated at Catalonia in 451. “The Scourge of God”.

Augereau, Pierre. 1757-1816. Marshal under the Napoleonic Empire.

Augustinians. RC religious orders following Rule of St. Augustine.

Aulic Council. 1498-1806. Court of Holy Roman Empire. Derived from Maximilian’s personal council.

Aumale, Henri, duc d’Orleans. 1822-97. French general, Orleanist leader.

Austen, Jane. 1775-1817. English novelist: Sense and Sensibility, 1811, Pride and Prejudice, 1813. “the exquisite touch which renders the commonplace interesting”-W. Scott. Emma 1816.

Austro-Prussian War. 1866. Austria excluded from German Confederation. Austrian influence in Italy ended. Dual Monarchy.

Baader-Meinhof Gang. (Red Army Faction). 1968-92. West German terrorists supported by Stasi.

Ba’al Shem-Tov. 1700-60. Polish founder of Hasidism. Holiness of ordinary existence.

Bab. 1819-50. Arab founder of Babism, 1844.

Babington, Anthony. 1561-86. English conspirator to murder Elizabeth I for Mary Queen of Scots. Beheaded.

Babylon, Hanging Gardens. 6C BC. One of Seven Wonders of the World.

Babylonia. c8000BC Tigris-Euphrates Civ’n. 1792-50BC Hammurabi’s emp. c1530 Kassite. 11C Aramaen, Assyrian. 625 Chaldean. 538 Achaemenid. 331BC Alexander.

Bacon, Roger. 1214-94. English Franciscan monk. Advocated scientific experiment, observation. Alchemist. Formulated gunpowder. Magnifying glass 1250. Opus Majus 1266.Telescope.

Bacon’s Rebellion. 1676. Virginia colonists under N.Bacon defeat Indians, take Jamestown.

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