Alien and Sedition Acts. 1798-1800/02. US fear French Revolution. Forbade criticism of government. Abused by Federalists vs Republicans.

All the Talents. 1806. English government under Grenville.

Altdorfer, Albrecht. c1480-1538. German founder landscape painting.

Althusius, Johannes. 1557-1638. German jurist. “Father of Federalism”.

American Civil War. 1861-5. Abolitionist North defeats slave-owning South. Britain and France support South, Russia supports North. Union. Confederacy.

Amram bar Shishna. -875. Hebrew scholar. Oldest prayer book. Seder Rab Amram.

Anatolia. 1900BC Hittite(C)/ Akkadian(E). 1200BC Phrygian. 8C Lydia. 546 Cyrus. 334BC Alexander. 133 AD Rome...Byzantine. 1071 Seljuk. 1243 Mongol/Crusaders. 1307 Ottoman. 1920 Turkey.

Anaximander. c611-547BC. Miletan (Greek) philosopher. First Greek maps. Attempted systematic explanation of Universe. Named zodiac signs 560BC.

Ancien Régime. Pre-Revolutionary French socio- political order.

Andersen, Hans Christian. 1805-75. Danish author of fairy tales: Little Mermaid 1832, Princess and the Pea, Ugly Duckling.

Anderson, Carl. 1905-91. US discovered positron, muon.

Andorra. Ibericbasc. Greeks/Carthaginians/Romans/Visigoths 8C Muslim. 803 Charlemagne. 1133 Bishop of Urgell. 1159 Fiefdom of Foix. 1278- Principality under joint French, Spanish suzerainty. 1993 Constitution. Coprincipality.

Angström, Anders. 1814-74. Swedish physicist: discovered spectroscopy 1853.

Anjou. Region, former province of western France. Under English 1151-1204, 1360. 1480 France. Angevin.

Annates. Proportion of first year’s income paid to Pope by office holders.

Anselm, St. 1033-1109. Archbishop of Canterbury, founder of Scholasticism. Proved God exists 1078.

Antigua. Carib. 1493 Columbus discovers. 1632 English settle. 18C slave trade. 1958-62 West Indies Federation. 1967 Self-government. 1981 Independent +Barbuda.

Antioch. 300BC Seleucus I founds. 64BC Rome. First reference to disciples as Christians c42. 540 Persia. 637 Moslem. 10-11C Syrian capital. 969 Byzantine. 1098 Crusader State. 1268 Egypt. 1517 Ottoman. 1920 Syria. 1939 Turkey.

Antisthenes. c445-365BC. Greek philosopher. Founder of Cynics.

Appian of Alexander. 2C. Greek/Roman historian.

Arachne. Lydian weaver, changed into a spider.

Arafat, Yasir. 1929-2004. Arab Fatah PLO leader. President of Palestinian Authority 1996-.

Areopagus. Athenian council of elders.

Aristotle. 384-322BC. Greek philosopher, founder of Peripatetics: Unified theory of knowledge. Matter, potentially alive, strives to attain its living form. Stressed observation and logic. Deductive Reasoning. Free Will.

Armenia. 9C BC Vannic kingdom. 8C BC Persians, Assyrians, Armenians settle. 521BC Persian. 331BC Alexander...Seleucid. 298 Rome. 387 Persia/Byzantine. 7C Moslem. 885 Independent kingdom. 1071 Seljuk. 13C Mongol. 1405 Ottoman/Persian. 1514 Ottoman. 1918 Independent. 1920 Russia/Turkey. 1990 Independent. CIS.

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