Russo-Polish War. 1919-20. Polish attempt to liberate Ukraine repulsed.

Russo-Swedish War. 1614-17. Russia loses access to Baltic. 1741-3. Sweden cedes part of Finland. 1788-90. 1808-9. Sweden cedes Finland + Åland Islands.

Russo-Turkish Wars. 16-19C. Russia gains Black Sea to Balkans from crumbling Ottoman Empire in 10 wars. Assist Serb, Romanian independence. Crimean War.

Ruyter, Michiel. 1607-76. Dutch admiral defeated British in Anglo-Dutch wars.

Rwanda. -1962 Ruanda-Urundi. 1962 Independent republic.

Saarinen, Eero. 1910-61. Finnish/US experimental architect. St. Louis Gateway Arch 1948-65.

Sacred Wars. 6-4C BC. Greek city-states, for control of of shrine at Delphi.

Sadat, Anwar al-. 1918-81. Egyptian president 1970- Aided Nasser’s 1952 coup. 1977 Addressed Israeli Knesset. Peace with Israel 1979. Camp David. Assassinated.

Sadowa, Battle. 1866. Königgrätz.

Salbai, Treaty. 1782. Ends first Maratha War.

Salisbury, Third Marquess. 1830-1903. British Imperialist Prime Minister 1885~1902. Fashoda. Boer War. Splendid Isolation.

Samnite Wars. 4-3C BC. 3 wars by which Rome conquered central, south Italy.

Samurai. 11C-1868. Japanese warriors. Basis of Shogun power.

San Jacinto, Battle. 1836. Mexican defeat means Texas indepence. Mexican War.

San Stefano, Treaty. 1878. Ended Russo-Turkish War. Independence for Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria. Congress of Berlin.

Santa Anna, Antonio de. 1794-1876. Mexican general, president 1833~47. Defeated at San Jacinto, Mexican War.

Santiago, Battle. 1898. Final Cuban victory over Spain, Spanish American War.

Sapir, Edward. 1884-1939. Polish/US linguist. Studied North American Indian languages.

Sarawak. 15C Brunei. 1841 Independent (Brooke). 1941 Japanese occupy. 1946 British Crown Colony. 1963 Malaysia.

Saxe, Maurice, comte de. 1696-1750. French commander, War of Austrian Succession.

Scaevola, Quintus. -82BC. Roman consul. Law limiting citizenship led to Social War.

Scalawags. White southern Republicans who supported Reconstruction.

Sceptics. We can know nothing more than the fleeting images of consciousness. Most is unknowable. Pyrrho.

Schiller, Friedrich. 1759-1805. German Romantic writer of historical dramas and lyric poetry. Popularized William Tell 1804. -“inner direction” Wallenstein 1800.

Schmalkaldic League. 1531-47. Failed alliance of Protestant Princes vs HRE to defend Lutheranism. War 1546-7.

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