Olive Branch Petition. 1775. Moderate Americans attempt to avoid war. Ignored by George III.

Opium Wars. 1839-42 Hong Kong ceded to Britain. 1856-60. French, British force China to open trade, legalize opium. Demonstrated European weapon superiority. Nanking Treaty.

Orange Free State. 1820 Boer colony. 1848 British. 1854 Independent. 1900 British. 1910 Union of South Africa. Boer War.

Oranges, War of. 1801. France and Spain defeat and divide Portugal.

Orff, Carl. 1895-1982. Modern German composer. Straightforward. Carmina Burana 1936.

Orléans, Philippe II, duc d’. 1674-1723. French soldier Wars of Grand Alliance, Spanish Succession. Regent for Louis XV.

Orléans, Siege. 1428-9. 8 month English siege ended by Joan of Arc. Turning point of 100 Years War.

Ormonde, Duke of. 1610-88. Irish Stuart supporter during Civil War.

Osama bin Laden. 1957-. Wahabi Saudi Arabian construction magnate turned terrorist. World Trade Center. Taliban. al-Qaeda.

Oscar I. 1799-1859. King of Norway and Sweden 1844-. Liberal reforms.

Osceola. c1804-38. Seminole leader. Arrested at truce talks.

Oswald. St. -641. King 633-, reunited Northumbria.

Oswald, Lee Harvey. 1939-1963. Kennedy assassin; killed by Ruby.

Ottawa Conference. 1932. British Empire creates Imperial Preference during Depression.

Oxford, Provisions of. 1258-66. Reforms barons forced on Henry III. Annulled, modified. Led to Provisions of Westminster, Barons War.

Pacific, War of. 1879-84. Chile wins land from Peru, Bolivia’s coastline.

Pacifism. Ethical, philosophical, or moral opposition to war or violence.

Paix des Dames. Cambrai Treaty. 1529. Francis I’s mother and Charles V’s aunt negotiate halt to Italian Wars.

Palais de la Bourse. 1808-1907. First public stock exchange 1724 was in Mazarin Mansion.

Palatinate. 1156-. Region of south Germany ravaged during 30 Years War and War of Grand Alliance. Saar.

Palmerston, Lord. 1784-1865. English Whig Prime Minister 1855~65. Secretary of War 1809-28. Foreign Secretary 1830~51. Crimean War. American Civil War.

Palo Alto, Battle. 1846 US victory. First major battle of Mexican War.

Pan-Slavism. 19C Slavic unity movement. Caused Russo-Turkish War 1877.

Panama Canal. 1881-1889. Begun by Lesseps- bankrupt. Completed by US 1904-14. Reed.

Pandit, Vijaya. 1900-90. Fought for Indian independence. First woman president of UN General Assembly 1953-4. Nehru’s Sister.

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