Guerra Santa (Holy War). 1848. Unsuccessful Italian revolution. Garibaldi. Mazzini.

Guesclin, Bertrand du. c1320-80. French military leader, 100 Years’ War. Expelled English from France.

Guise, Francois, duc de. 1519-63. Massacred Huguenots at Vassy, 1562, starting War of Religion.

Gulf War. 1990-91. Allies (US, Britain, France, Egypt, Syria, Saudi Arabia +26 others) expel Iraq from Kuwait.

Guyana. Arawak, Carib, Warrau. 1498 Columbus discovers. 16C Dutch settle. 1814 Britain. 1831 Colony =British Guiana. 1966 Independent =Guyana. 1970 Republic.

Haakon I. c914-61. Norwegian king c935-. Introduced Christianity to Norway.

Haakon VII. 1872-1957. King of Norway after separation from Sweden, 1905. In exile 1940-45.

Hadrian. 76-138. Roman Emperor 117-. Built wall across England 122-36, Aelius Bridge 134. Rebuilt Greek cities.

Haig, Douglas. 1861-1928. British Commander-in-Chief France 1915-19. War of Attrition.

Haiti. Arawak. 1492 Columbus discovers. 16-18C Slaves brought. 1697 Spain cedes to France 1804 Independent. 1915-34 US occupies. 1957-86 Duvalier dictators. 1994 US overthrow of military regime. 1972-2002 US returns refugee boat-people.

Hamilton, William Rowan. 1805-65. Irish mathematician. Unification of optics and dynamics. Quaternion Theory.

Hamilton-Gordon, George. 1784-1860. British Prime Minister 1852-55. Oregon Treaty. Crimean War.

Hampton, Wade. 1818-1902. Confederate general. Raised Hampton’s Legion. Governor of SC 1876-8.

Hampton Court Conference. 1604. James I authorizes bible translation. 300 Puritans ejected from office, a cause of Civil War.

Handel, George Frideric. 1685-1759. German/ English composer of oratorio, Italian opera. Peak of polyphonic music. Water Music 1717. Messiah 1741. Music for Royal Fireworks 1749.

Hannibal. 247-182BC. Carthaginian leader. Crossed the Alps with elephants in winter to attack Rome 217BC. St Bernard Pass. Punic Wars.

Harald Blue Tooth. c910-985. First Christian Danish king c940-. Unified Denmark, conquered Norway.

Hardenberg, Karl von. 1750-1822. Prussian chancellor 1810- during Napoleonic Wars. Citizenship to Jews.

Harding, Warren. 1865-1923. US Pres 1921-. Teapot Dome. Washington Conference.

Hastings, Warren. 1732-1818. First English Gov-Gen of Bengal, 1772-84/5. Impeached...acquitted.

Hatt-i Humayun. 1856. Turkish reform act, forced by major powers, but not always enforced.

Hawaii. c400 Polynesians. 1778 Cook discovers = Sandwich Is. 1795 UK. 1894 Republic. 1898 US. 1959 State.

Heath, Edward. 1916-. British Conservative Prime Minister 1970-4. Common Market.

Hegel, G.W.F. 1770-1831. German Idealist philosopher: Dialectical Reasoning: thesis vs antithesis = synthesis. Dialectical Materialism. “Universe is evolving from first cause toward self awareness and freedom. In man, God becomes aware of Himself”. Phenomenology 1806. Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1817. Philosophy of History 1830.

Helen of Troy. Greek wife of Menelaus. Eloped with Paris to Troy causing Trojan War.

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