Alexis. 1629-76. Russian czar 1645-. Recognized serfdom. Northern War. Peasant Revolt 1667-71.

Algerian Revolutionary War. 1954-62. Plebiscite granted independence from France, 1962.

Algerian War. 1831-46. France conquers Algeria.

Ali. 4th Caliph, 656-661. Son-in-law of Muhammad. Succession led to Sunni/Shi’ite split. Moslem Civil War.

Alma, Battle. 1854 Crimean War. French and British defeat Russians at Sebastapol.

Altmark Truce. 1629-35. Polish-Swedish wars of succession.

Altranstadt, Peace. 1706 Sweden-Poland: Augustus renounces Polish throne. 1707 Sweden-HRE: HRE buys Swedish neutrality in War of Spanish Succession. 1714 Louis XIV-Charles VI.

Amana Colonies. 1855. Successful Pietist communes in Iowa.

Amazons. Mythical women warriors. Fought Greeks at Troy.

America. Term coined 1507 by Waldseemüller after Amerigo Vespucci.

American Civil War. 1861-5. Abolitionist North defeats slave-owning South. Britain and France support South, Russia supports North. Union. Confederacy.

Amiens, Mise of. 1264. Louis IX arbitrated annulment of Provisions of Oxford. Barons War.

Amiens, Treaty. 1527. Henry VIII, Francis I ally vs Charles V. 1802. England, France, Spain, Holland end French Revolutionary Wars. Britain cedes captured territory, gains Ceylon, Trinidad.

Amnesty International. 1961. Human rights watchdog NGO fighting for political prisoners and victims of torture. MacBride.

Anabaptists. 1520- Christian sect. Adult baptism. No clergy. Salvation via faith. Millenialist. Hutterites, Mennonites, Quakers. Peasants War.

Andrusov, Treaty. 1667. Ended Russo-Polish War. Divided Ukraine.

Anglo-Afghan Wars. 1839-42. 1878-80. 1919. British limit Russian influence, maintain buffer to India.

Anglo-American War. 1812-14. US, angry at British blockade of France, and Tippecanoe interference, invades Canada. Toronto and White House burned. US defeated. Ghent Treaty.

Anglo-Dutch Wars. 17-18C. Established England’s naval power, ended Dutch world power.

Angry Young Men. 1950s British writers. Irreverence for establishment. Amis, Wain, Osborne.

Anjala League. 1788-89. Swedish, Finnish officers conspire vs Gustav III to end Russo-Swedish War.

Antarctica. 1773 Cook explores seas. 1820 first sighted. Bransfield. 1821 first landing-Davis. 1911 Amundsen first to S Pole.

Antonine Wall. 142. Scotland. North of Hadrian’s. Abandoned ~196. Antoninus.

Antoninus, Pius. 86-161. Roman Emperor 138-. Built Antonine Wall.

Appian Way. 312BC. Appius Claudius’ road from Rome to Brindisi.

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