Tynwald. 800- Isle of Man parliament, supreme court.

Tz’u-hsi. 1835-1908. Dowager empress of China 1861-. Regent for T’ung-chi. Resisted reforms. Boxer Rebellion.

Uesugi. 15C-1868. Japanese warrior clan ruling Honshu. Samurai.

Ulbricht, Walter. 1893-1973. East German Stalinist General Secretary 1950-71. Head of State 1960-. Ordered Berlin Wall.

Ulm, Treaty. 1647. France-Sweden truce with Bavaria in Thirty Years War.

Union. The North. States which did not secede during the American Civil War. Confederacy.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. USSR. 1917 Communist revolution, Civil War. 1923 Union of states. 1939 +Galicia. 1940 +Baltic States, Bessarabia, Karelia. 1945 +Ruthenia. Recognized: 1923 US, 1924 Britain, 1940 Yugoslavia. 1991 Dissolved. Russia.

United States of America. USA. 40,000-20,000BC Asians settle. 1492-1776 Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands, Britain colonize. 1776 American Revolution. 1783 Thirteen Colonies independent. Manifest Destiny. 1845 +Texas. 1848 +California. 1867 +Alaska. 1898 +Hawaii, Puerto Rico.

Urban VIII. 1568-1644. Pope 1623-. Supported France in Thirty Years War.

Urey, Harold. 1893-1981. US physicist. Isolated deuterium 1931. Heavy water needed for atomic bomb.

US Virgin Is. Carib, Arawak. 1493 Columbus discovers. 1666 Denmark. 1673- Slaves brought. 1917 US purchase for $25M.

Utraquists. 15C. Moderate Bohemian Hussite sect; most re-absorbed by Roman Catholic Church 1620. Moravian Church.

Utrecht, Treaties. 1713-14. Ended War of Spanish Succession. Austria gains Netherlands. France cedes Newfoundland, Hudson’s Bay, Nova Scotia to England. Spain cedes Gibraltar, Minorca to England.

Valdemar I. 1131-82. King of Denmark 1157-. Conquered Norway. Allied with Sweden, France, Holy Roman Empire.

Valhalla. Scandinavian banquet hall for slain warriors. Odin.

Valley Forge. 1777-8. Training camp of Washington’s Continental Army.

Vanbrugh, John. 1664-1726. English Restoration dramatist, Baroque architect: Castle Howard 1702. Blenheim Palace 1705.

Vasa. 1628. Swedish warship sank in harbour before maiden voyage.

Vaucreuil, Cavagnal, Marquis de. 1698-1765. Governor of New France. Surrendered to Britain 1760. Seven Years War.

Vendée, Wars. French Royalist uprisings of 1793,4,9, 1815,32.

Vereeniging, Treaty. 1902. Ended Boer War. Transvaal, Orange Free State become British Crown Colony.

Vergara, Convention. 1839. Ends first Carlist War vs Isabella II.

Vernon, Mt. Washington’s Virginia home.

Versailles, Treaty. 1783. Recognized US Independence. 1871. Bismarck wins Franco-Prussian war. 1919. Ended WWI. Founded League of Nations. Germans to cede territory and pay reparations of £6.6/$32B. Only 1/8 paid when cancelled in 1932. US did not ratify.

Vervins, Treaty. 1598. Spain withdraws support of French Catholic League. Ends Franco-Spanish War. Spanish acquisitions returned to France.

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