Commonwealth. 1649-60. Government of England after Charles I executed. Cromwell.

Commonwealth. Organized community by consent of governed. Hobbes. Locke.

Commonwealth, British. 1926-. Free association of autonomous countries. Evolved from the British Empire. Statute of Westminster 1931.

Commune, Paris. 1871. Revolutionary government formed when Thiers abandoned Paris to Prussians. Crushed 2 months later by McMahon. 20,000 killed.

Communism. Collective ownership of property and industry. Wealth shared according to need. Eventually, “dictatorship of proletariat”.

Communist Party. USSR. 1918. Name adopted by Bolsheviks for Social Democratic Workers’ Party. Parties started in Britain, USA, Austria, France, Italy, Spain, Germany soon after.

Comte, Auguste. 1798-1857. French Positivist philosopher. Religion belongs to primitive society. Positivism 1830. Tejada Law.

Concentration Camps. 1862-65 USA. 1899-1902. British internment of Boers in South Africa. 1922-91. USSR. 1933-45 Nazi prisons for extermination and slave labour. Buchenwald. Auschwitz. Dachau. 1942-6 US Relocation Centers. 1942-46 Canada. 1950’s Kenya. 1973 Chile.

Conciliarism. 12C-. General Council has greater power than pope. Popular during Great Schism.

Concordat. Ecclesiastic treaty between church and state.

Condillac, Étienne de. 1715-80. French sensualist philosopher. Locke follower.

Confederacy. 1861-5. Rebel US government in American Civil War.

Confederation. 1867. United Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Upper and Lower Canada as Dominion of Canada.

Confucius. 551-479BC. Chinese philosopher and moralist. Advocated reason, love and respect for others over supernatural. Chinese Exam. Wu Ching.

Congregationalism. 1581-. Protestant Church organization of local churches governing themselves. Browne.

Congress Party. 1885-. Indian political party. In power 1947-77.

Congreve, William. 1670-1729. English playwright of manners. Way of the World 1700.

Connecticut Wits. 18C US satiric collaborative poets. Anarchiad 1786-87.

Conrad, Joseph. 1857-1924. Polish/English novelist emphasizing relations between people and circumstances. Lord Jim 1900. Heart of Darkness 1902.

Constable, John. 1776-1837. English Naturalist landscape painter. Hay Wain 1821. Valley Farm. Waterloo Bridge 1831.

Constance, Council. 1414-18. Ended Great Schism. Church council victory over papal power. Martin V elected pope.

Constant de Rebecque, Benjamin. 1767-1830. Swiss/French author. Adolphe.

Constantine I. 1868-1923. King of Greece, 1913-17. Refused to support Allies in WWI. Abdicated. Restored 1920-2. Abdicated again.

Constantinople. Byzantium. Now Istanbul.

Constantinople Agreements. 1915. Secret French/British pact to give Dardanelles to Russia after WWI. Bolsheviks repudiated all previous treaties, but publicized secret ones-embarrassing.

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