Social Darwinism. 19C theory that social man is subject to the “survival of the fittest”.

Social Democratic Party. 1863. Oldest German political party. Marxist to 1959. Now less radical.

Social Security. First in Germany: 1883-89. UK 1911; Canada 1927; US 1935-66. Poor Laws. National Insurance.

Social War. 90-89BC. Tribal rebellion. Rome grants citizenship to all allies.

Socialism. 19C-. Movement opposing Liberalism, Capitalism. Advocates equal rights, just distribution of property, well-being of proletariat through reform or revolution. Utopia.

Socialism, Utopian. Saint-Simon’s concept of government redistributing wealth according to capacity and performance.

Socialist Party. 1901-30. US party advocating socialism based on earlier Social Democratic and Social Labor (1876) Parties. Ideas applied to New Deal.

Socrates. c470-399BC. Greek philosopher. Knowledge is the key to influencing destiny. Ignorance leaves one subject to fate. Socratic method of teaching by dialog. Dialectic. Condemned for impiety and corrupting the young - drank hemlock. “Know thyself”.

Sodom. c1900BC. Biblical city destroyed for wickedness. Gomorrah.

Solidarity. 1980. Polish workers movement led by Walesa. Martial Law 1981-83. Democratic elections 1989.

Solomon. King of Israel c973-933BC. First Temple at Jerusalem. Biblical writings. Known for wisdom.

Solon. 630-560BC. Athenian democratic lawgiver, poet. Equality of all citizens before the law. Trial by jury. -“Call no man happy until he is dead.”

Somerset. 2nd duke. c1406-1455. English general. Lost English territory in France. Quarrel with Duke of York led to War of Roses.

Somme, Battle of the. WWI. 1916. Allied victory with 1M casualties, minor gain. First use of tank. 1918. German victory.

Sonderbund. 1845-7. League of Catholic Swiss cantons defeated in civil war.

Song-tsen Gam-po. 7C. First known king of Tibet.

Songhai. 15-16C. West African trading empire.

Sonnino, Sidney. 1847-1922. Italian diplomat. Encouraged Italy into WWI. Treaty of London.

Sophists. 5-4C BC. Wandering Greek philosophers who taught rhetoric and logic for a fee. Protagoras.

Soult, Nicolas. 1769-1851. French chief of staff at Waterloo, Ulm, Austerlitz.

South Africa. 1910 Britain unites possessions: Cape of Good Hope + Natal + Orange Free State + Transvaal = Union of South Africa. Constitution included white supremacy. 1920 +German South-West Africa by mandate. 1948 Apartheid. 1961 = Republic of South Africa; left Commonwealth. 1990 -Namibia 1994 ANC gains power.

South Sea Bubble. 1711-20. England sold trade monopolies to reduce National Debt. Their resale at speculative prices led to financial ruin for thousands. George I implicated. Walpole.

South West Africa. German South-West Africa. Namibia.

Sovereign. 1503-1917. English coin worth 22s6d, later 10s, 11s, £1.

Soweto. 1976 Violent riots in Black South Africa township over compulsory Afrikaans in schools. 236-600 dead.

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