Ruthven, Raid of. 1582. James VI of Scotland kidnapped by William Ruthven (1541-84).

Rütli Oath. 3 Swiss cantons vow to rebel vs Austria.

Ruyter, Michiel. 1607-76. Dutch admiral defeated British in Anglo-Dutch wars.

Rwanda. -1962 Ruanda-Urundi. 1962 Independent republic.

Rymer, Thomas. 1641-1713. English Neoclassical literary critic: attacked Shakespeare.

SA. 1921-34. Brownshirts. Nazi force for breaking up rival party meetings. Purged on Night of Long the Knives.

Saar. Former Palatinate. 1919 League of Nations mandate. 1935 Germany. 1945 French occupy. 1948 Autonomous. 1957 West Germany.

Saarinen, Eero. 1910-61. Finnish/US experimental architect. St. Louis Gateway Arch 1948-65.

Sabah. 1888 British protectorate = North Borneo. 1946 British Crown Colony. 1963 Malaysia.

Sabbatal, Zevi. 1626-76. Jewish mystic. Failed march on Constantinople.

Sabbatarians. Christians for strict observance of sabbath by all. Blue Laws.

Sabines. Ancient Italian tribe whose women were seized by Romans as wives (legend). 290BC Conquered.

Sachs, Nelly. 1891-1970. German poet, Jewish spokesperson.

Sacred Wars. 6-4C BC. Greek city-states, for control of of shrine at Delphi.

Sadat, Anwar al-. 1918-81. Egyptian president 1970- Aided Nasser’s 1952 coup. 1977 Addressed Israeli Knesset. Peace with Israel 1979. Camp David. Assassinated.

Sadducees. -70. Jewish priest class vs Pharisees. Followed Torah and not oral law.

Sade, Marquis de. 1740-1814. French S&M writer. Jailed for immorality. 120 Days of Sodom 1785.

Sadowa, Battle. 1866. Königgrätz.

Safavids. 1501-1736. Moslem dynasty. Led Persia to power. Established Shi’a Islam as state religion.

Saint, Thomas. British sewing machine inventor, 1790. Singer.

Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de. 1900-44. French aviator, writer. Little Prince 1943.

Saint-Simon, duc de. 1675-1755. French courtier, writer of court life. Mémoires 1743.

Saint-Simon, Henri de. 1760-1825. “Father” of French Socialism. Utopian writer. Organisateur 1820. Industry. New Christianity 1825.

Saivo. Lapp underworld.

Salbai, Treaty. 1782. Ends first Maratha War.

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