Mars. Roman god of war. = Greek Ares.

Marseillaise. French national anthem, by Rouget de Lisle, 1792. Named for volunteer militia who adopted song on march to Paris.

Marsilius of Padua. c1282-1343. Italian political philosopher. -“political power comes from the people”.

Marston Moor, Battle. 1644. English Civil War turning point. Cromwell defeats Rupert.

Martello Towers. 1804. Swiss designed defensive towers on English coast against Napoleon.

Martí, José. 1853-95. Led Cuban war vs Spain.

Marvell, Andrew. 1621-78. English satirical poet. To His Coy Mistress. Poems on Affairs of State 1689.

Marxism. Official dogma of Communism. Dialectical Materialism. “Perfect economic system will not require political state.” Marx. Engels. Value is based on labour. Maoism. Leninism.

Mary II. 1662-94. Queen of England with William III, 1689-. Expelled her father, James II.

Mary Magdalene, St. Disciple, exorcised by Jesus. Saw him resurrected.

Mary Stuart. 1542-87. Queen of Scots 1542-67. Abdicated. Married Francis II. Queen of France 1559-60. Married Darnley 1565. Married Bothwell 1567, causing Scottish Revolt. Beheaded with Babington by Elizabeth I. Mother of James I.

Masora. 6-10C. Hebrew reconstruction of Old Testament.

Master of the Revels. 1300-1737. English court official who arranged festivities, acted as censor.

Mata Hari. 1876-1917. Dutch dancer, courtesan. German spy WWI. Executed by French.

Matabele War. 1894-6. Rhodesia natives vs British. Mediated by Rhodes. Ndebele.

Matilda. (Maud). 1102-67. English. Fought cousin Stephen 1135-48, who usurped throne.

Matsuoka, Yosuke. 1880-1946. Japanese foreign minister 1940. Tripartite Pact with Germany, Italy.

Matsushita, Konosuke. 1894-1989. Japanese industrialist; began 5-day workweek, guaranteed lifetime employment.

Matterhorn. 14,691 ft. First climbed in 1865 by Whymper.

Matthew, St. Jesus’ Apostle. First Gospel author.

Matthias. 1557-1619. Holy Roman Emperor 1612-. Catholic Revival led to Thirty Years War.

Mauchley, John. 1907-80. US inventor with Eckert of ENIAC digital computer 1946.

Maugham, W. Somerset. 1874-1965. British cosmopolitan Humanist writer. Of Human Bondage 1915. Short Stories. Moon and Sixpence 1919.

Maupassant, Guy de. 1850-93. French short story writer: Boule de Suif 1880.

Mauritania. Bafours. ~1C BC Sanhadja, Zenet, Teda. Ancient Ghana. 7/8C Moslem. 11C Almoravid. 13-17C Moqil invade. 15C = Shinqit. 19C «French West Africa. 1958 Autonomous. 1960 Independent.

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