ICFTU. International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. 1949. Split from WFTU. Represents 70M workers in 89 countries. IFTU.

Iconoclasts. 726-843. Byzantines opposed use of images in Christian worship vs Iconophiles. Persecuted. Nicaea.

Idealism, Philosophical. Reality is a consciousness of abstract laws vs sensory-based Materialism.

Ides of March. (March 15th). Day on which Caesar was assassinated.

Idris. Mythic Welsh giant.

Idrisi. 1100-65. Arab geographer. World Map 1164.

IFTU. 1901-40. International Federation of Trade Unions. WFTU 1945.

Iguala, Plan de. 1821. Stated 3 objectives of Mexican Independence movement. Ignored by issuer, Iturbide, when he became Emperor.

Ile de la Cité, Paris. Originally Lutetia 250BC. Renamed by Clovis, 506, when he made it his capital.

Iliad. 8C BC. Homer’s epic of Trojan War.

Illyria. 6C BC Greek colony. NW Balkans. 1809 Kingdom of Illyria. 1814 Austria. Yugoslavia.

Illyrian Wars. 229BC~219BC. Romans defeat Illyrian pirates. Greeks recognize Romans as civilized, admit them to games.

Imagists. 1912-. Poets eschew sentimentality for precision and imagery. Pound. Lawrence. Lowell.

Immigration Acts. 1962. Britain limits immigration from Commonwealth.

Immigration Laws. 1852. US bars Chinese. 1900 Japanese. 1921- set quotas by country of origin.

Imperial Conferences. 1907-37. Meetings of British Empire/Commonwealth countries.

Imperial Preference. 1932-58. British movement for preferential tarrifs within British Empire.

Impressionism. 1867-86. European art movement named 1874 for Monet’s Impression Sunrise. Direct from nature with colors to render surfaces and lighting effects. Rejected primacy of subject. Renoir, Pissarro, Degas, Cezanne, Manet. Music: 1892-1910. Restraint and ambiguity. Mood music. Debussy.

Income Tax. Britain: 1193 Walter to ransom Richard I. 1799-1815 To finance war vs Napoleon. 10% over £200; 1842 Peel 3%. US: 1862-72 3% over $800 (5% if outside US); 1913 over $3000 only.

Incunabula. Books printed before 1500. Caxton. Gutenberg.

Independents. Separatists. 17C English Christian sects believing that congregation should control its own affairs. Congregationalism. Puritans.

India. North: c2500BC Indus valley civilization. c2000BC Aryans invade. 6C Achaemenid. 5C Persia. 326 Alexander(NW). c300 Maurya Empire. 2C BC Greek, Parthian, Kushan invade. 1C AD Kushan. c320 Gupta Empire. 6C Divided. 5-15C Huns, Arabs, Persians invade 12C Moslem. 1526 Mogul. South: 3000BC Dravidian civilization. 12-13C Rashtrakutas, Cholas. 14C Moslem inv. 15C Vijayanagar Empire. 1498 daGama discovers sea route. 18C British East India Co. 1858 British Empire. 1947 Independent. 1950 Republic.

India Act. 1784. Transferred control of British East India Co to Parliament. 1858. All power over India from East India Co to British crown. 1919-35. Created bicameral parliament of limited authority.

India-Pakistan Wars. 1949. Splits Kashmir. 1965. India gains most of Rann of Kutch. 1971. Bangladesh Independence.

Indian Territory. 1834. Originally all territory west of Mississippi. Later, reservations in Oklahoma.

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