Apocrypha. 14 Books of the Old Testament excluded by Protestants and Jews.

Apollinaire, Guillaume. 1880-1918. Italian/French avant-garde poet, coined term Surrealism to describe Chagall work.

Apollodorus. 5C BC. Athenian painter. Shading. No surviving work.

Apostles’ Creed. 410. Widely-used affirmation of Christian faith.

Apostolic Constitutions. c380BC. Books of ecclesiastic law.

Appian Way. 312BC. Appius Claudius’ road from Rome to Brindisi.

Appleton, Edward. 1892-1965. English physicist: Appleton ionospheric layer.

April Theses. 1917. Lenin’s plan for Soviet takeover of state power from provisional government.

Aquila Ponticus. 2C. Translated Old Testament from Hebrew to Greek. Version adopted by Jews.

Arab-Israeli Wars. 1948-9. Palestinians flee to Arab countries. 1956. Israel captures Sinai, UN takes over. 1967. Six Day War. Israel defeats Egypt, Syria, Jordan, gains Jerusalem, Sinai, Golan,... 1973. Egypt, Syria attack = October War.

Arabesque. Style characterized by entwined vines, leaves.

Arabia. Semite. 6C BC Chaldean. c106BC Rome. 622 Caliphate Empire. 16C Ottoman. 17C Persia (E). Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, UAR, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain.

Arachne. Lydian weaver, changed into a spider.

Aramaeans. Ancient Semitic people of Mesopotamia, Syria. Language widespread 10C-5C BC. Alphabet 720 BC.

Araucanian Wars. 1530-1870. Chile, Argentina. Natives forced onto reservations.

Arawak. Natives of NE SA, Antilles. Now extinct in W Indies.

Arcadia, Academy of. 1690. 1925 =Italian Literary Academy. Originally known for poetic, pastoral style.

Arcadian. Venetian paintings with Greek gods in Italian dress.

Archer, William. 1856-1924. Scottish critic, playwright. Translated Ibsen.

Archidamian War. 431-421BC. Peloponnesian War.

Archidamus II. Spartan king 469-427BC. Conflict w Athens.

Archimedes. 287-212BC. Greek mathematician: lever, screw. Principle of displacement of liquid. Screw pump 260BC. Catapult 215BC.

Ares. Greek god of war, Roman =Mars.

Argentina. Tehuelch, Querandi, Puelche, Inca. 1536 Spanish. 1776 Viceroyalty of La Plata. 1816 Independent United Province of La Plata. 1862 =Argentina. 1943 Peron. 1982 Falklands War. 2001 Economic collapse.

Argonauts. Greek heroes who pursued the golden fleece.

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