Dismas, St. Thief converted by Jesus on cross.

Dunant, Henri. 1828-1910. Swiss philanthropist. Founded Red Cross 1863, YMCA.

Ellsworth, Lincoln. 1880-1951. US explorer. First flight across Arctic 1926, Antarctica 1935.

Francesca, Piero della. 1406-92. Italian fresco painter. Story of the True Cross 1465.

Garros, Roland. 1888-1918. French aviator, first to cross Mediterranean.

Geneva Convention. 1864. Established humane treatment of war wounded. Sanctioned Red Cross. 1949. Agreements concerning wounded, prisoners, and civilians in war.

Hadrian. 76-138. Roman Emperor 117-. Built wall across England 122-36, Aelius Bridge 134. Rebuilt Greek cities.

Hannibal. 247-182BC. Carthaginian leader. Crossed the Alps with elephants in winter to attack Rome 217BC. St Bernard Pass. Punic Wars.

Iron Cross. 1813. Prussian military decoration.

John of the Cross, St. 1542-91. Spanish mystic poet. Founded Discalced Carmelites.

Leutze, Emanuel. 1816-68. US painter. Washington Crossing the Delaware 1851.

Lindbergh, Charles. 1902-74. US aviator: first solo non-stop flight across Atlantic, 1927.

Magenta, Battle. 1859. France, Piedmont defeat Austria creating Italian Unity. Carnage led to founding of Red Cross. Eponymous dye discovered 1859.

Malta. c800BC Phoenecia...Carthage. 218BC Rome. 5C Vandal/ Goth. 6C Byzantine. 870 Arab. 1090 Sicily. 1530 Knights of St. John. 1798 French. 1814 British. 1964 Indepependent. 1974 Republic. Population awarded George Cross 1942.

Mann Act. 1910. US law prohibits transport of women across state lines for immoral purposes.

Mannerheim Line. Eastern Finnish fortification. Crossed by Russians 1940.

McClure, Robert. 1807-73. British naval commander. First Northwest Passage crossing by boat and sledge 1853-4.

Meredith, George. 1828-1909. English manners novelist. Intellectual, witty and poetic. Ordeal 1859. Egoist 1879. Dianna of the Crossways 1885.

Mortimer’s Cross, Battle. 1461. Yorks defeat Lancastrians. Edward IV declares himself king.

Neville’s Cross, Battle. 1346. English defeat Scottish invaders, capture King David II.

Petit Pont. 1852. Bridge across Seine at site of original Roman crossing.

Pilâtre de Rosier, Jean-François. 1756-85. Physician and balloonist. First ascent 1783 with Montgolfier; First free flight 1783 with d’Arlandes. Killed trying to cross Channel.

Red Cross. c1863. Dunant founds International relief organization. Geneva Convention 1864. 1881 US. Solferino.

Romanticism. 18C Philosophical movement rooted in Pietism. Began in Germany. Spread across Europe in 19C.

Rosso Fiorentino. 1495-1540. Mannerist painter. Descent from Cross 1521.

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