Clement VIII. Antipope 1423-29. Ended Great Schism.

Cleomenes III. -c219BC. Spartan King 235-222. Defeated Achaean League. Lost to Macedonia.

Cleopatra’s Needles. c1500BC Thutmose III. Gift of Egypt to Britain, US. Erected London 1878, NY 1881.

Constitution, US. 1787. Effective 1789. Defines government, liberties, basic laws. Amendments I-X 1791 Bill of Rights. XIII 1865 Abolishes slavery. XVIII 1919 Prohibition. XIX 1920 Women suffrage. XXI 1933 Repeals Prohibition. XXVI 1971 Voting age 18.

Convention Parliament. 1660. Restored monarchy. William and Mary 1689.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Dagobert I-III. Merovingian French kings in 7-8C.

Darius III. Last Persian King, 335-330BC. Beaten by Alexander the Great.

Decazes, Elie, duc de. 1780-1860. Minister of Louis XVIII. Moderate leader.

Defender of the Faith. 1521. Title conferred by Pope Leo X on Henry VIII. Withdrawn after Act of Supremacy. Reconfirmed by Parliament, 1544 for all succeeding monarchs.

Deposition Bull. 1535 Henry VIII excommunicated. 1570 Elizabeth I excommunicated.

Despard, Edward. 1751-1803. 1802 Plot to assassinate George III.

Dissolution of Monasteries. 1536, small; 1539, large. Henry VIII siezes wealth of church.

Dundee, Viscount “Bonnie”. c1649-89. Killed leading revolt vs William of Orange for James II.

Edmund, St. c1175-1240. Archbishop of Canterbury, 1233-. Won reforms from Henry III.

Edmund II Ironside. c993-1016. English King 1016. Defeated by Canute 1016, kept Wessex.

Edward III. 1312-77. King of England 1327-. Claimed crown of France, causing Hundred Years War.

Edward V. 1470-83. King of England 1483. Imprisoned and probably killed by Richard III. Wars of Roses.

Edward VIII. 1894-1972. King of UK 1936. Abdicated to marry Wallis Simpson, became Duke of Windsor.

Éloi, St. c588-660. Treasurer to Clotaire II and Dagobert. Goldsmith.

Empire. First. France under Napoleon I 1804-14. 2nd. Napoleon III, 1852-70.

Ezzelino III da Ramono. 1194-1259. Cruel ruler of northern Italy. Subject of Dante’s Inferno.

Favre, Jules. 1809-80. French statesman. Opposed Napoleon III.

Ferdinand III. 1199-1252. King of Castile and Leon. Pushed Moors from most of Spain.

Firearms. 1247 used at Siege of Seville.1327 Edward III uses canon vs Scots. 1364 Perugia First handguns. 1640 Flintlock.

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