Victoria, Tomás Luis de. c1548-1611. Spanish composer. Pioneer of contrapuntal music. Requiem 1605.

Victoria Cross. 1856. British medal for bravery.

Victorian style. 19C. Neo-Gothic architecture. London Houses of Parliament.

Victory, HMS. Oldest commissioned British warship. Launched 1765. Nelson’s flagship 1797-1805. Trafalgar.

Vitoria. 1813. Wellington victory, liberated Spain from France. Peninsular War.

Wellington, Duke of. 1769-1852. English general, victor at Waterloo. Prime Minister 1828-30.

Woodhull, Victoria. 1838-1927. US reformer. First female presidential candidate 1872. Suffrage, free love advocate.

Xerxes I. 519-465BC. King of Persia, invaded Attica. Victor at Thermopylae. Salamis defeat preserved Greek independence. Crossed Hellespont 480BC.

Yonge, Charlotte. 1823-1901. English Victorian novelist: Heir of Radclyffe 1853. Daisy Chain 1856. Oxford Movement.

Zutphen, Battle. 1586. Spanish victory in Holland.

Chabrier, Emmanuel. 1841-94. French composer. España 1883.

Charles Emmanuel I. 1562-1630. Duke of Savoy. Last attack vs Geneva, 1602. Escalade.

Aga Khan III. 1877-1957. Indian Moslem leader. President, League of Nations, Gen Assembly, 1937.

Alexander III. 1845-1894. Russian Czar 1881-. Established absolute rule using secret police. Temporary Rules. Franco-Russian Alliance.

Alexander III. Pope 1159-81. Instituted papal conclave to elect popes 1179.

Alfonso XIII. 1886-1941. King of Spain 1886-1931. Survived 5 assassination attempts. Support for Primo de Rivera weakened monarchy.

Altranstadt, Peace. 1706 Sweden-Poland: Augustus renounces Polish throne. 1707 Sweden-HRE: HRE buys Swedish neutrality in War of Spanish Succession. 1714 Louis XIV-Charles VI.

Amadeus VIII. Antipope Felix V 1439-49.

Amiens, Treaty. 1527. Henry VIII, Francis I ally vs Charles V. 1802. England, France, Spain, Holland end French Revolutionary Wars. Britain cedes captured territory, gains Ceylon, Trinidad.

Anjala League. 1788-89. Swedish, Finnish officers conspire vs Gustav III to end Russo-Swedish War.

Anne of Austria. 1601-66. Wife of Louis XIII. Founded Feuillantines, 1622; Val-de-Grâce, 1638. Regent for Louis XIV until he became of age.

Anne of Bretagne. 1477-1514. Wife of Charles VIII, 1491, then of Louis XII, 1499. Began union of Brittany with France.

Anne of Cleves. 1515-57. Fourth wife of Henry VIII. Divorced.

Artaxerxes. I-III. 5-4C BC. Achaemenid kings.

Augustus III. 1696-1763. King of Poland 1734- after War of Polish Succession.

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