Heracles. Son of Zeus, noted for his twelve labours. =Hercules.

Herder, Johann von. 1744-1803. German Sturm and Drang Nationalist writer. Stimulated Romanticism.

Hermes. Greek fertility, messenger god. = Mercury.

Hermitage. 1764. St Petersburg art museum.

Herschel, William. 1738-1822. German/English astronomer, discovered Uranus 1781.

Herzberg, Gerhard. 1904-99. Canadian physicist. Electronic structure of molecules.

Hess. Rudolph. 1894-1987. German Nazi leader. Flew to Scotland, 1941. Sentenced to life at Nuremberg.

Hetaerae. Greek independent courtesans.

Hieroglyphics. c3400BC-500. Egyptian picture writing system. Rosetta Stone.

Hilliard, Nicholas. 1547-1619. English miniature painter.

Himmler, Heinrich. 1900-45. German Gestapo and SS head. Concentration camps. Suicide after Allied capture.

Hindenburg. German zeppelin, explodes 1937 in New Jersey, kills 36.

Hindenburg, Paul von. 1847-1934. Commander in Chief of the German armies 1916-18. President of Weimar Republic 1925-. Appointed Hitler chancellor 1933.

Hindenburg Line. 1917. German army’s Western Front. Breached 1918.

Hindustani. Hindi and Urdu languages.

Hippocrates. 460-370BC. Greek physician. Separated medicine from superstition. Established medical schools. “Diseases due to natural causes”.

Hiss, Alger. 1904-96. Alleged communist spy in US State Department. Jailed for perjury 1950-4.

Historia Regum Britanniae. c1135. Geoffrey of Monmouth’s history of Britain from legendary founding. Popularized legends of King Arthur.

Hobbes, Thomas. 1588-1679. English Materialist Determinist philosopher. Nominalist. Royalist. Good is that which brings pleasure; evil, pain. Mind is the result of physical activity in the brain. Elements of Law 1640. Leviathan 1651.

Hogarth, William. 1697-1764. English satirical mural painter. Founded Royal Academy 1739. Rake’s Progress 1732. Marriage à la Mode 1744. Pantheon 1764.

Holberg, Ludvig. 1684-1754. Norwegian/Danish poet, historian. ’Foundation of Danish Literature’. Peder Paars 1719.

Holmes, Oliver Wendell. 1841-1935. US Supreme Court Justice 1902-32. Law as social instrument.

Holy Alliance. 1815. Russia, Prussia, Austria ally to preserve Christian principles, peace and monarchies. All European rulers but 3 joined.

Holy Leagues. 1495 Repelled French invasion of Italy. 1511 Forced France from Italy. 1520 Spanish cities vs HRE. 1526 Failed to force HRE from Italy. 1538 Opposed Schmalkaldic League. 1571 vs Turks. 1576 Opposed Protestantism in France. 1609 vs Protestant Union. 1684 vs Ottomans.

Holy Roman Empire. 962-1806. Germanic Empire with elected king. Successor to Western Roman Empire. Geographically: Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, Austria; most of Italy, Bohemia; part of France. Hapsburg. Austrian Empire.

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