Arianism. 313-. Christian heresy. “Christ not of same nature as God.” Condemned at Nicaea.

Ariosto, Ludovico. 1474-1533. Italian Renaissence poet, playwright: Orlando Furioso 1516.

Aristippus. 435-366BC. Cyrenaic philosopher: Man’s goal should be pleasure. Good=pleasant.

Arjun. 1563-1606. Sikh guru, first martyr.

Armagnacs. Fought Burgundians for control of France through Charles VI regency 1395-1435. Arras.

Armenia. 9C BC Vannic kingdom. 8C BC Persians, Assyrians, Armenians settle. 521BC Persian. 331BC Alexander...Seleucid. 298 Rome. 387 Persia/Byzantine. 7C Moslem. 885 Independent kingdom. 1071 Seljuk. 13C Mongol. 1405 Ottoman/Persian. 1514 Ottoman. 1918 Independent. 1920 Russia/Turkey. 1990 Independent. CIS.

Armenian Church. c303. First Christian state church. 506 schism with Rome.

Armenian Massacres. 1894-1918. 1.8M Armenians killed in Turkey.

Arnulf. c850-99. Last Carolingian Holy Roman Emperor. Defeated Normans. Captured Rome.

Arras, Treaty. 1435. Burgundy recognized French throne.

Art Nouveau. (Jugendstil). 1885-1910. Originally English style of art and architecture. Reaction to Industrial uniformity. Beardsley. Tiffany. Gaudi.

Arthur. c500. Legendary king of Camelot. Knights of the Round Table.

Arthur I. 1187-1203. Duke of Brittany. Claimant to English throne. Defeated by John I.

Artigas, José. 1764-1850. Uruguay revolutionary leader. “Father of Uruguayan independence”.

Artois. 5C Franks. 9C Flanders. 1180 France 1329 Burgundy, Austria. 1659 France.

Aryans. 2000BC. Nomads from Steppes spread to India. Founded Indus Civilization, 3240-2750BC. Hyksos Empire in Syria, 1720-1550BC. Introduced horse chariots. Basis for all Indo-European languages.

Ascension. Jesus’ rise to heaven 40 days after Resurrection.

Asceticism. Self denial of sensual and material pleasures. Advocated by many religious sects.

Ashurbanipal. Assyrian king 669-626BC. Lost Egypt. Built Nineveh Library-22,000 clay tablets.

Asoka. 269-232BC. Indian Maurya Emperor. Buddhist convert, missionary.

Asquith, Herbert. 1852-1928. Liberal Prime Minister of England, 1908-16: Pensions and unemployment insurance. Parliament Act.

Assassins. 1124-1270. Secret Moslem order who murdered all enemies.

Astor, John. 1763-1848. German/US fur magnate.

Asturias. Former Spanish kingdom. 3-2C BC Rome. 5C Visigoth. 718-910 Only Christian kingdom on Iberia. 910 + León.

Atatürk (Mustafa Kemal). 1881-1938. Turkish founder, first president, 1923. 1919-22 drove Greeks out. Major reforms to modernize Turkey.

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