Georgia. 6C BC Achaemenid. 4C BC Alexander. 65BC Rome. 330 Christian. 4-5C Sassanids, Byzantine dispute. 6C Sass. 7C Moslem. 8C 2 Kingdoms. c1000 United. 1220 Mongol(E). 14C United. 15C Turk/Persian. 1801 Russia. 1918 Independent. 1921 Soviet Republic. 1991 Independent. CIS.

Georgian Architecture. 1714-1830. Palladian, 1720-60. Adam, 1760-1800. Regency, 1810-37. Often red brick with white trim.

German East Africa. 1891 German protectorate. 1919 Tanganyika, Ruanda Urundi.

German Movement. 18C Nationalist cultural movement. Lessing, Goethe, Schiller.

Gettysburg. 1863. Lincoln’s address given to dedicate Civil War cemetery. “Four score and seven years ago...Government of the people, by the people, for the people”.

Gettysburg, Battle. 1863. Union victory. Turning point in Civil War.

Ghana, Ancient. Trading empire c300-1200. ≈southeast Mauritania + west Mali.

Ghaznavid. 977-1186. Turkish dynasty in Iran, Afghanistan, India.

Ghetto. Jewish area of cities, esp: 1556-1885 Rome; 1239 Valencia; 1462 Frankfurt; 1516 Venice; 1066-1291 Old Jewry, London; 1939 Warsaw.

Ghiberti, Lorenzo. c1378-1455. Florentine naturalistic sculptor and architect. John the Baptist 1414. Florence Baptistery doors 1425-50.

Giacometti, Alberto. 1901-66. Swiss sculptor. Stretched figures.

Gilbert, William. 1834-1911. Librettist with Sullivan. Pirates of Penzance 1879. Mikado 1885.

Gloire. 1859. French. World’s first armour-plated vessel.

Gödel, Kurt. 1906-78. Czech/US logician. Theorem, 1931, asserts that no logical system can prove all its own propositions.

Goering, Hermann. 1893-1946. German WWI flying ace, Nazi Prime Minister. Gestapo. Condemned at Nuremberg. Suicide.

Goethe, Johann. 1749-1832. German writer: Meister’s Apprenticeship 1796. Faust 1808-32. Memories 1809. Sturm und Drang.

Gold Standard. 1821-1937. Definition of national currencies in terms of gold purchasing power. Ended: 1931 Britain, 1933 USA, 1936 France. Friedman. Bretton Woods.

Golden Spurs, Battle. 1302. Courtrai, Belgium. Flemish craftsmen defeat French troops.

Goncourt, Edmond. 1822-96. French novelist. Renée Mauperin. Created Goncourt literature prize.

Gothic Architecture. 12-15C. Began with French cathedrals and spread over N Europe. Pointed arches, rib vaulting, flying buttresses. Stability achieved with balance rather than mass. Airy lightness. St. Denis 1140. Notre Dame Cathedral. Tudor.

Gothic Art. 13C-. Church sculpture, illuminated manuscripts. Less idealized than Classical. Emotions portrayed.

Goths. Germanic people of S Scandinavia. Invaded Europe, 3-4C. Visigoths and Ostrogoths.

Gottfried von Strassbourg. 13C. German poet. Tristan and Isolde.

Grand Alliance, War of. 1689-97. Spain, Sweden, England, Holy Roman Empire, Netherlands vs French expansionism. Negotiated Peace. King William’s War. Namur. Augsburg League.

Grands Rhétoriqueurs. 15-16C. French poets. Deschamps, DeMachaut.

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