Courtois, Bernard. 1777-1838. French. Iodine 1811.

Crane, Stephen. 1871-1900. US writer. Red Badge of Courage 1895. Short stories.

Cranmer, Thomas. 1489-1556. First Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury. Executed by Queen Mary.

Crapper, Thomas. 1836-1910. British plumber. Installed Queen Victoria’s toilets. Manufacturer, but not inventor of syphonic flush toilets.

Crichton, James “The Admirable”. 1560-82. Scottish adventurer/scholar.

Crick, Francis. 1916-. British discoverer of DNA structure with Watson 1953.

Crimean War. 1853-6. Russian attempt to get a Mediterranean port stopped by Turkey, England, France, Sardinia. Dispute over Holy places in Palestine.

Croatia. Balkans. 812 Croatia. 1089 +Hungary. 1527 Ottoman/Hapsburg. 1918 Yugoslavia. 1920 +Dalmatia. 1941 Independent. 1945 Yugoslavia. 1992 Independent Republic.

Crofter. Scottish tenant farmer with right of common pasture.

Crofters Act. 1886. Gave rights, security to crofters.

Cronus. Greek Titan = Saturn. Swallowed own children.

Cross, Richard. 1823-1914. British statesman: First urban renewal act.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Crystal Palace. 1851. Built for the Great Exhibition, London. First iron-framed. Burned, 1936. Paxton.

Culhwch + Olwen. c1100. Earliest Arthurian romance.

Cultural Revolution. 1966-9. Mao’s Red Guards purge China of bourgeois, capitalist elements.

Curia. Roman political division.

Curie, Irene. Joliot-Curie.

Curie, Marie. 1867-1934, and Pierre 1859-1906. Polish/French discoverers of radium, 1898.

Curragh Incident. 1914. 57 British army officers resign rather than fight Ulstermen.

Curzon Line. 1920. Russo-Polish armistice line. Became border, 1945.

Cyprus. Stone, Bronze Age civilizations. 1450BC Egypt. 1200BC Greek. 1000 Phoenicia. 709 Assyria. 569 Egypt. 6C Persia. 333 Macedonia. 294 Egypt. 47BC Rome...330 AD Byzantine. 7C Moslem. 1191 Crusaders. 1489 Venice. 1571 Turk. 1878 British lease...1914 Britain annexes. 1927 Crown Colony. 1960 Republic. 1963-4 Civil War, Greece and Turkey intervene. 1974 Turkey invades, partition.

Cyrenaics. 4C BC. Greek school of philosophy. Pleasure is the highest good. Epicureanism.

Cyril and Methodius, Sts. -c869/885. Apostles of Slavs. Translated liturgy, invented Cyrillic alphabet.

Dada. Anarchistic, deliberately shocking “non-art” begun in Zurich, 1916. Led to Surrealism. Arp. Duchamp. Ernst.

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