Smyrna. =Izmir. 3000BC Greek city in Turkey. 600BC Lydian. 4C Greek 1425 Ottoman. 1920-2. Greeks occupy, massacre.

Smyth, John. -1612. Founded Baptist Church.

Soccer War. 1969. Honduras vs El Salvador. Triggered by football game and economic conditions.

Social Darwinism. 19C theory that social man is subject to the “survival of the fittest”.

Social Democratic Party. 1981-87. British moderate Labour centre party.

Social Security. First in Germany: 1883-89. UK 1911; Canada 1927; US 1935-66. Poor Laws. National Insurance.

Socinianism. 1550-19C Unitarian-like religious sect. Christ divine by function, not nature. 1658 Poland.

Solferino, Battle. 1859. Victor-Emmanuel gains Lombardy during Risorgimento. Carnage leads to Red Cross.

Solon. 630-560BC. Athenian democratic lawgiver, poet. Equality of all citizens before the law. Trial by jury. -“Call no man happy until he is dead.”

Sonnino, Sidney. 1847-1922. Italian diplomat. Encouraged Italy into WWI. Treaty of London.

Soul. Immaterial essence of man. Recognized by most cultures, but in varying forms.

Southampton. 4th earl. 1606-67. Royalist adviser, treasurer 1660-7.

Spanish Civil War. 1936-9. Germany and Italy aid Fascist Franco’s revolt against the Republic, which surrenders after 1M die. International Brigades. A cause of WWII. Guernica.

Spanish Marriages, Affair of. 1846. Isabella’s sister, heir marries French prince, despite Spanish assurances, causing English/French rift.

Spanish Netherlands. 1581-1714. = Belgium, Luxembourg.

Spanish Sahara. 1884 Protectorate. 1958 Spanish province. 1976 Mauritania/Morocco. Western Sahara.

Spencer, Herbert. 1820-1903. English evolutionist philosopher. “Survival of the fittest.” Associationism. Anti-socialism, “Best government is the least government.” The Synthetic Philosophy 1860-96. Liberal Utilitarianism.

Spengler, Oswald. 1880-1936. German historian of cultural cycles: Decline of the West 1918-22.

Speyer, Diet. 1526,1529. Luther’s protest against the church’s intolerance of Reformers.

Sphynx. Greek mythical creature with lion’s body, human head. Killed who could not solve riddle. Earliest known 2550BC.

Spinoza, Baruch. 1632-77. Dutch Rationalist philosopher. Criticized scriptures. Excommunicated by Jews. God and nature are one. Determinist. Pantheist. God and Nature 1659. Ethics 1665.

Splendid Isolation. 1895-1902. Salisbury foreign policy. British naval strength required no ally.

Spurs, Battle. 1513. French retreat from British in War of Holy League.

St Albans. 1455. First battle of War of Roses. Henry VI captured by Yorks.

St-Denis Basilica. 1137-44. Romanesque-Gothic transformation point. Burial place of French kings. Suger.

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