Royaume, Mother. Saved Geneva 1602 by pouring hot stew (and pot) on heads of Savoy soldiers.

Ruanda Urundi. Batwa. Bahuta. 14C Watusi. 1897 German East Africa. 1916 Belgium. 1923 League of Nations mandate 1962 Independent. Rwanda, Burundi.

Rubinstein, Arthur. 1886-1982. Popular Polish/US pianist.

Rudolf I. 1218-91. First Hapsburg Emperor of Germany 1273-.

Rump Parliament. 1648-60. After Pride’s Purge.

Rurik. -879. Varangian prince, First ruler of Russia. Dynasty ruled to1598.

Russia. 9C Slavs, Rus invade. 862-1598 Rurik dynasty. 1240 Mongol Empire of Golden Horde. 1462 Ivan the Great. 16C Unified. 1613 Romanov dynasty. 1917 Communist. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1991 Russian Federation. CIS.

Russian Campaign. 1812. Napoleon’s march on Moscow. 10,000 of 100,000 return. Grande Armée.

Russification. Attempted conversion of local language and culture by settlement of large numbers of Russians. 19C Poland, Finland. 20C Kazakstan. Baltic.

Russo-Turkish Wars. 16-19C. Russia gains Black Sea to Balkans from crumbling Ottoman Empire in 10 wars. Assist Serb, Romanian independence. Crimean War.

Ruthenian Church. 1594- = Uniate Catholic. Slavonic Roman Catholic. 1940 Allegiance changed to Russian Orthodox.

Rwanda. -1962 Ruanda-Urundi. 1962 Independent republic.

SA. 1921-34. Brownshirts. Nazi force for breaking up rival party meetings. Purged on Night of Long the Knives.

Sacre Coeur. Paris basilica built 1873-1910 by Abadie, at a cost of FF40 million.

Saint-Simon, duc de. 1675-1755. French courtier, writer of court life. Mémoires 1743.

Saint-Simon, Henri de. 1760-1825. “Father” of French Socialism. Utopian writer. Organisateur 1820. Industry. New Christianity 1825.

Salesbury, William. c1520-84. Welsh lexicographer. Translated New Testament to Welsh 1567.

Salians. Dynasty. Ruled HRE 1024-1125. Investiture Controversy with pope.

Salieri, Antonio. 1750-1825. Austrian court composer. Operas.

Salisbury, First Earl. 1563-1612. British adviser to Elizabeth I. Negotiated James I succession.

Salisbury, Third Marquess. 1830-1903. British Imperialist Prime Minister 1885~1902. Fashoda. Boer War. Splendid Isolation.

Salon des Refusés. 1863. Paris exhibition of paintings by Cezanne, Manet, Whistler refused by Academy. Déjeuner sur l’herbe.

Salzburg Synod. 800. Confirmed December 25 date of nativity as observed since 690.

Samanids. 819-999. Persian native dynasty. Flourishing of arts.

Samhitas. Collections of Vedic hymns and liturgy.

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