Oregon Trail. 1840-70. 2,000 mile route from Missouri to Oregon.

Orff, Carl. 1895-1982. Modern German composer. Straightforward. Carmina Burana 1936.

Oriental Canon Law. 880. Ecclesiastical laws of Eastern Christian churches.

Orléans. 1344-. Branch of French Valois and Bourbons.

Orléans, Charles, duc d’. 1394-1465. Fought with Armagnacs vs Burgundians. Captured at Agincourt 1415. Ransomed 1440. Last courtly poet of France.

Orléans, Louis, duc d’. 1372-1407. Began Armagnac/Burgundy conflict. Assassinated by supporters of John the Fearless.

Orléans, Siege. 1428-9. 8 month English siege ended by Joan of Arc. Turning point of 100 Years War.

Ormonde, Duke of. 1610-88. Irish Stuart supporter during Civil War.

Orozco, José. 1883-1949. Mexican mural painter.

Orthodox Church, Eastern. 1054-. Autonomous Christian churches of Middle East, Eastern Europe, Russia using Byzantine rite. East-West Schism.

Osama bin Laden. 1957-. Wahabi Saudi Arabian construction magnate turned terrorist. World Trade Center. Taliban. al-Qaeda.

Osman I. 1258-1326. Turkish founder of Ottoman Empire 1299. Conquered Byzantium.

OSS. Office of Strategic Services. 1942-45. Precursor to CIA.

Ottawa Conference. 1932. British Empire creates Imperial Preference during Depression.

Ottoman Empire. 1300-1922. Turkish empire in Balkans, Near East, N Africa. Conquered Byzantine Empire. 1402 Destroyed by Tamerlane. 1413 Rebuilt by Mehmed. 1453 Conquered Constantinople. Eastern Question. Mehmed II. Süleiman the Magnificent. Turkey.

Oudenaarde, Battle. 1708. Churchill, Prince Eugène defeat French.

Oxford English Dictionary. 1884-1928. 10 volumes, 2.4 million quotations. OED2 1989. James Murray.

Oxford Movement. 1833-45. Christian Socialist Tractarian movement for return to RC ritual, dogma in Anglican Church.

Pachero, Francisco. 1564-1654. Spanish writer, artist. Arte de la pintura 1649. Taught Velazquez, Cano.

Pacification of Ghent. 1576. Catholic, Protestant truce in Netherlands to revolt vs Spanish occupiers.

Paget, James. 1814-99. British surgeon. Trichinosis 1834.

Pahlavi. 3-10C. Iranian branch of Indo-European languages.

Pakistan. 25C BC Indus civilization. 15C BC Aryan. 6C Achaemenid. 326 Alexander. 4C BC Maurya Empire. c50 AD Kushan. 4C Gupta. 5C Hun. 8C Moslem. 11C Turks. 1206 Delhi Sultanate. 1526 Mogul. 1780 Sikh. 1840 British India. 1947 Independent. 1956 Islamic Republic. 1971 -Bangladesh.

Palais de la Bourse. 1808-1907. First public stock exchange 1724 was in Mazarin Mansion.

Palatinate. 1156-. Region of south Germany ravaged during 30 Years War and War of Grand Alliance. Saar.

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