Marston Moor, Battle. 1644. English Civil War turning point. Cromwell defeats Rupert.

Martin, St. c316-97. Bishop of Tours. Introduced monasticism to France. French patron saint.

Marxism. Official dogma of Communism. Dialectical Materialism. “Perfect economic system will not require political state.” Marx. Engels. Value is based on labour. Maoism. Leninism.

Mary. Virgin mother of Jesus. Free from Original Sin. Most important Roman Catholic saint.

Mary I. Bloody Mary. 1516-58. Tudor queen of England 1553-. Married Philip II of Spain. Reinstated Roman Catholicism 1555. Persecuted Protestants. Lost Calais.

Mary Magdalene, St. Disciple, exorcised by Jesus. Saw him resurrected.

Mary of Burgundy. 1457-82. Duchess. Marriage to Maximilian I gave Netherlands to Hapsburgs.

Masefield, John. 1878-1967. English poet laureate 1930-.

Mason-Dixon Line. 1763-7. MD-PA border named for its 2 surveyors. 1820- Separated slave/free states.

Master of the Revels. 1300-1737. English court official who arranged festivities, acted as censor.

Mata Hari. 1876-1917. Dutch dancer, courtesan. German spy WWI. Executed by French.

Materialism. All nature is describable as moving particles. Mind is the result of physical activity in the brain. Büchner. Diderot. Hobbes. Marx. Epicureans.

Mather. 17-18C. Family of influential American Puritan ministers.

Mathura. Indian city sacred to Hindu as birthplace of Krsna.

Matilda. (Maud). 1102-67. English. Fought cousin Stephen 1135-48, who usurped throne.

Matthias. 1557-1619. Holy Roman Emperor 1612-. Catholic Revival led to Thirty Years War.

Mau-Mau Revolt. 1952-6. Kenya Kikuyu rebel vs Britain. Kenyatta jailed.

Maupeou, René. 1714-92. French chancellor dissolved Parlement 1771, creating absolute rule.

Mauriac, François. 1885-1970. French Roman Catholic author of sombre novels. Thérèse 1927.

Maurice, Friedrich. 1805-72. English theologian. Christian Socialist founder.

Maurice of Nassau. 1567-1625. Prince of Orange 1618-. Dutch military leader. Fought Spanish 1590s.

Mauritania. Bafours. ~1C BC Sanhadja, Zenet, Teda. Ancient Ghana. 7/8C Moslem. 11C Almoravid. 13-17C Moqil invade. 15C = Shinqit. 19C «French West Africa. 1958 Autonomous. 1960 Independent.

Mauritius. 1505 Portugal discovers. 1598 Dutch settle. 1715 French. 1810 English. 1968 Independent.

Maurras, Charles. 1868-1952. French political theorist. Founded Action Française 1899.

Maury, Matthew. 1806-73. US oceanographer. Physical Geography of the Sea 1855.

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