Paris, Treaties. 1229 Ends Albigensian Crusade. Louis gains Toulouse. 1327. England loses territory to France. 1763 Ends Seven Years War. Britain gets French holdings in Canada. Spain gets American territory. 1783 Ends American Revolution. US borders fixed. 1814 Ends Napoleonic Wars, restoring 1792 borders. Napoleon exiled to Elba. 1815 Ends Hundred Days. 1790 borders, reparations. Napoleon to St. Helena. 1856 Ends Crimean War. Black Sea neutral. Regulated Laws of High Seas. 1898 Ends Spanish American War. Spain cedes Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico to US. 1947. Settled European borders after WWII.

Quebec. 1534 Cartier discovers. 1608 French colony. 1763 British. 1867 Founding province of Canada.

Quebec Act. 1774. Britain creates permanent government for Canada. Tolerance for French Canadians a cause of American Revolution. Intolerable Acts.

Québecois, Parti. Political party dedicated to separating Quebec from Canada. Despite 1976 election majority, 1980 referendum rejected secession.

Rush-Bagot, Convention. 1817. Demilitarized Canada-US border.

Selkirk, 5th earl. 1771-1820. Philanthropist. Established Scottish colonies in Canada. Red River.

Separatism. 1960-. Quebec movement for political independence from Canada. Referendum defeated 1980, 1995.

Social Credit Party. Canada. Aberhart. Douglas. 1935- Alberta, BC, federal parties. Social Credit.

Social Security. First in Germany: 1883-89. UK 1911; Canada 1927; US 1935-66. Poor Laws. National Insurance.

Socialist Party. 1892 Italy; 1905 France; 1932 Japan. 1932 Canada.

St Albans Raid. 1864. Confederates attack Vermont from Canada.

Suffrage, Women. 1893 New Zealand. 1902 Australia. 1906 Finland. 1913 Norway. 1915 Denmark. 1917 USSR. 1918 Canada. 1918/28 Britain. Reform Bills. 1920 US. 1971 Switzerland. 1976 Liechtenstein. Not yet in Arab countries. Wyoming.

Underground Railroad. 1838-65. Northerners help US slaves escape to Canada, defying Fugitive Slave Acts.

United Empire Loyalists. 18C. Colonists who supported Britain during American Revolution, went to Canada.

Washington, Treaty. 1871. Britain/US recognize Canada, regulate Great Lakes navigation.

Webster-Ashburton, Treaty. 1842. Britain, US settle Eastern US-Canada border, suppress slave trade.

Westminster Conference. 1866-7. Planned independence of Canada under British North America Act.