Capital Punishment. Abolished: 1863 Venezuela; 1870 Netherlands; 1877 Costa Rica; 1949 Germany; 1965 Britain; 1969 Vatican City; 1972 US (reinstated 1976); 1976 Canada; 1981 France; (96 countries). Retained: Iran, Iraq, N Korea, USA (95 countries).

Champlain, Samuel de. c1567-1635. French explorer of Canada. First Governor of New France. Founded Quebec city 1608.

Château Clique. Small merchant group dominated government of Lower Canada to 1830s.

Concentration Camps. 1862-65 USA. 1899-1902. British internment of Boers in South Africa. 1922-91. USSR. 1933-45 Nazi prisons for extermination and slave labour. Buchenwald. Auschwitz. Dachau. 1942-6 US Relocation Centers. 1942-46 Canada. 1950’s Kenya. 1973 Chile.

Convention of 1818. Established 49th parallel as US-Canada border.

Dukhobors. 1755-. Russian Christian pacifist, anarchist sect. Leaders claimed to be Christ reincarnated. Tolstoy sponsored emigration to Canada, 1898.

Fenians. 1858. Secret US society of Irish emigrants seeking Irish autonomy. Raided Canada 1866,70,71.

French-Indian Wars. 1754-63. North American part of Seven Years War. France loses all possessions in Canada to Britain.

Homestead Acts. 1862 US grants 160 acres free to 5yr settlers. 1885 NZ, 1893 W. Australia grant free land to immigrants. Canada 160 acres for $10..

Hudson’s Bay Company. 1670-. England. Explored Canada. Sought NW passage. Trading posts. Fur trade. Monopoly 1821-58. Seven Oaks Massacre.

Hunter’s Lodge. 1838. Secret US organization to overthrow British in Canada. 2 Attacks repulsed.

Lansdowne, Henry. 1845-1927. British statesman. Governor General of Canada, India. Secretary of War 1895-1900.

Liberal Party. 1832. British Social reform, free trade, Irish Home Rule. 1867 Canada. 1944 Australia.

Lower Canada. 1791-1841. 1841 «Province of Canada. 1867 = Quebec.

Lundy’s Lane, Battle. 1814. Canada defeats US invasion. War of 1812.

MacDonald, John A. 1815-91. Key to British North America Act, Conservative. First Prime Minister of Canada 1867~91. Pacific Railway.

Massey, Vincent. 1887-1967. First Canadian-born Governor-General of Canada 1952-9.

Métis. Mixed European/native race in Canada, N US. Riel.

NATO. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1949- Collective defence alliance of Western European and North Atlantic countries to preserve democratic freedom. UK, Canada, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Portugal, US. 1952 Greece, Turkey, 1955 FRG. 1964 -Greece. 1966 -France. 1980 +Greece. 1982 +Spain. 1993 +France. 1999 +Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic. 2004 +Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.

Navaho. SW US. Largest Native American tribe. Migrated c10C from Canada. Supressed by Kit Carson; 8000 incarcerated 1864-8.

New Brunswick. Micmac. 1534 Cartier discovers. 1604 French settle. 1713 British. 1867 Canada.

Northwest Passage. Attempts 1497- to find a sea route around Canada to Asia. Amundsen succeeded 1903-6. McClure 1853.

Nova Scotia. Micmac. 10C Norse discover? 1497 Cabot discovers. 1605 French settle = Acadia. 1614 English. 1667 French. 1689 English. 1697 French. 1710 English. 1848 First British colony with Responsible Government. 1867 Canada.

OECD. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. 1961. For expansion of world trade. OEEC + US, Canada, Australia, NZ.

Papineau, Louis. 1786-1871. French-Canadian nationalist. Led 1837 revolt vs Britain in Lower Canada.

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