Sugar Act. 1764. British law to end sugar smuggling. A cause of American Revolution.

Sumter, Fort. 1861. Confederate attack. First aggression of American Civil War.

Tea Act. 1773. British give British East India Company effective monopoly in North America. Boston Tea Party.

Tecumseh. 1768-1813. American Shawnee Indian chief. Fought US in War of 1812.

Telstar. 1962. First satellite TV between North America, Europe. First public telephone by satellite.

Thorfinn Karlsefni. Failed attempt to establish Icelandic colony in North America c1004.

Tocqueville, Alexis de. 1805-59. French liberal historian. Democracy in America 1835. Dangers of Democracy.

Tordesillas, Treaties. 1494. Spain, Portugal divide colonies in America and East according to Demarcation Bull of Alexander VI. Spain west, Portugal east of 48.5°W.

Tory. Term (Irish = outlaw) applied 1679 to Duke of York supporters. English Royalist political party 1690-1830, refounded as Conservative Party 1833. In US: =colonists loyal to Britain during American Revolution.

Townshend Act. 1767-70. Reasserted English authority in American colonies. Import duties.

Trent Affair. 1861. US sieze British mail ship in Civil War, remove two Confederate commissioners.

Vergennes, Charles, Compte de. 1719-87. French foreign minister. Allied with American revolutionaries. Treaty of Paris 1783.

Vespucci, Amerigo. 1454-1512. Florentine explorer who concluded America was not Asia. Name “America”.

Vikings. Scandinavians who raided Europe 530-12C. Discovered Greenland, 982, North America, 10C. Norsemen. Varangians.

Vinland. ~1000. Region of northeast North America discovered by Leif Eriksson. L’Anse aux Meadows.

Virginia Company. London. 1606-24. To colonize North America. Founded Jamestown 1607.

Walker, William. 1824-60. American filibuster. Nicaraguan president. 1856-7.

Walking Purchase. 1737. Americans cheat Indians in buying Delaware land by running instead of walking to determine land size. French-Indian Wars 1754-63.

War of 1812. Anglo-American War.

Washington, George. 1732-99. American Revolution commander, First US President.

Webster, Noah. 1758-1843. US lexicographer. Simplified American spelling. Speller 1783. Dictionary 1828.

Wells, Henry. 1805-78. US founder of express company, 1848. American Express 1850. Wells Fargo 1852.

Westminster Conference. 1866-7. Planned independence of Canada under British North America Act.

Westminster, Treaties. 1654 Ends Dutch War. Dutch pay England. 1662 England, Brandenberg most-favoured nation status. 1674 Dutch American colonies to Britain. 1756 Prussia, British neutrality.

Whipple, Abraham. 1733-1819. American Revolutionary. Captured 11 British ships 1779.

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