New Granada. 18C-1810 Spanish colony in South America: Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela. 1830-58 =Colombia.

New Netherland. 1624-64. Dutch colonies in North America. Captured by British. New Amsterdam.

New Sweden. 1638-55. Swedish colony in North America captured by Dutch. «Delaware.

North, Frederick. 1732-92. English Prime Minister during American Revolution.

OAS. Organization of American States. 1948. Western Hemisphere organization for peace, security, and economic cooperation. Cuba expelled 1962.

Ojibwa. (Chippewa). North American Indians near Great Lakes. Supported French vs British in 7 Years War, British vs Americans in Revolution.

Olive Branch Petition. 1775. Moderate Americans attempt to avoid war. Ignored by George III.

Oriskany, Battle. 1777. British ambush Americans.

Palmerston, Lord. 1784-1865. English Whig Prime Minister 1855~65. Secretary of War 1809-28. Foreign Secretary 1830~51. Crimean War. American Civil War.

Pan-American Conferences. 1826- US, South American states. Pan-American Union, OAS.

Pan-American Union. 1890-1948. Commercial, cultural exchanges.

Paris, Treaties. 1229 Ends Albigensian Crusade. Louis gains Toulouse. 1327. England loses territory to France. 1763 Ends Seven Years War. Britain gets French holdings in Canada. Spain gets American territory. 1783 Ends American Revolution. US borders fixed. 1814 Ends Napoleonic Wars, restoring 1792 borders. Napoleon exiled to Elba. 1815 Ends Hundred Days. 1790 borders, reparations. Napoleon to St. Helena. 1856 Ends Crimean War. Black Sea neutral. Regulated Laws of High Seas. 1898 Ends Spanish American War. Spain cedes Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico to US. 1947. Settled European borders after WWII.

Peninsular Campaign. 1862. Failed Union attempt to take Richmond in American Civil War.

Pequot War. 1636-7. British annihilate North American Pequot tribe.

Petersburg Campaign. 1864-5. Virginia. Final action of American Civil War leading to Confederate defeat.

Pickens, Andrew. 1739-1817. American Revolutionary. Captured Atlanta.

Plata, La. 1776-1910. Spanish viceroyalty in South America. Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay.

Pocahontas. c1595-1617. American Indian friend of colonists. Saved John Smith, married Rolfe.

Pontiac. c1720-69. American Indian chief. Led revolt vs British 1763-6.

Porter, Edwin. 1869/70-1941. US filmmaker. First dramatic editing -Great Train Robbery 1903; First US documentary -The Life of an American Fireman 1903.

Powhatan. c1550-1618. American Indian chief. Pocohantas’ father. Co-op. with settlers.

Puerto Rico. Taino. 1493 Columbus discovers. 1508 Spanish colony. 1898 US (Spanish American War). 1998 rejects statehood.

Putnam. American General at Bunker Hill. “Don’t shoot until you see the whites of their eyes.”

Quebec Act. 1774. Britain creates permanent government for Canada. Tolerance for French Canadians a cause of American Revolution. Intolerable Acts.

Quebec Campaign. 1775-6. American revolutionaries take Montreal. Fail to take Quebec.

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