Swahili. Bantu people and language of Central Africa.

Teotihuacan. c400BC-900 AD. Largest pre-Columbian city of central Mexico. Sacked by Toltecs.

Tilsit, Treaties. 1807. Russia, Prussia join Continental System. Russia free to attack Finland. Prussia surrenders to Napoleon, reduced in size. France controls Central Europe. Creates Warsaw Duchy, Westphalia.

Turks. Central Asian tribe. 11-13C came to Middle East. Built Ottoman Empire. Seljuks.

Umbria. Central Italy. Conquered by Rome c3C BC.

World War I. 1914-18. Allies-France, British Empire, Russia, Italy, US(1917-) vs Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire. Caused by Nationalist movements, Balkan instability, trade rivalry, alliances. 30M casualties. First tanks, chemical, planes, submarines. Ended Russian, Ottoman, Austria-Hungarian Empires.

Zelaya, José. 1853-1919. Nicaraguan president 1894-1909. Attempted to unify Central America by force and revolution 1909.

Acid Rain. 1940-. Rain and fog of pH<5.5 caused by industrial air pollution. Prevalent in North America, Eastern Europe.

Adams, John. 1735-1826. Revolutionary, 2nd US president 1797-1801.

Adams, Samuel. 1722-1803. US Revolutionary: -“No taxation without representation”.

AFL-CIO. American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations. AFL 1886. CIO 1935. Merged, 1955. US labour union federation.

Alabama Claims. 1872. US claim damages caused by British built warships in Civil War. $15M=£3.25M awarded by arbitration.

Alaska. 1741 Bering explores. 1799 Russian America. 1867 US buys for $7.2M. 1959 State.

Allen, Ethan. 1738-89. Led Green Mountain Boys in American Revolution. Failed to take Montreal, 1775.

Alliance for Progress. 1961. Coordination of Latin American economies, resistance to communism.

America. Term coined 1507 by Waldseemüller after Amerigo Vespucci.

American Civil Liberties Union. ACLU. 1920-. US legal action group supporting civil rights.

American Civil War. 1861-5. Abolitionist North defeats slave-owning South. Britain and France support South, Russia supports North. Union. Confederacy.

American Colonization Society. 1816-1912. Transported blacks to Liberia.

American Expeditionary Force. US forces in WWI.

America’s Cup. 1851. Royal Yacht Squadron race won by Americans until 1983. Oldest international sports trophy.

Amish. 17C-. Conservative Mennonites. 19-20C migrated to North America.

André, John. 1750-80. British officer in American Revolution. Conspired with Benedict Arnold.

Anglo-American War. 1812-14. US, angry at British blockade of France, and Tippecanoe interference, invades Canada. Toronto and White House burned. US defeated. Ghent Treaty.

Apache. Natives of SW North America. Geronimo. Cochise.

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