United Provinces. 1581-1795. Dutch unite vs Spain. Netherlands.

United Provinces of Central America. CAF.

United States of America. USA. 40,000-20,000BC Asians settle. 1492-1776 Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands, Britain colonize. 1776 American Revolution. 1783 Thirteen Colonies independent. Manifest Destiny. 1845 +Texas. 1848 +California. 1867 +Alaska. 1898 +Hawaii, Puerto Rico.

Utrecht, Union of. 1579. United Provinces alliance created vs Spanish rule in Netherlands.

Valdemar IV. Atterdag. 1320-75. Danish king 1340-. Re-united Denmark. Opposed Hanseatic League. Sold Estonia to Teutonic Knights.

Victor-Emmanuel II. 1820-78. First king of united Italy, 1861-. Peace of Milan, 1848. Cavour.

Victoria. 1819-1901. Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, 1837-. Empress of India 1876-. Colonial expansion. Strict moralist. Lost Hanover Crown by Salic Law.

Wales. Celts. 55BC Rome. 7C +England. 8C Divided. 9C Re-united. 11C Norman. 1284 English suzerainty. 1536 Union with England.

Abyssinian War. 1935-6. Italy invades Ethiopia. League of Nations ineffective.

Aga Khan III. 1877-1957. Indian Moslem leader. President, League of Nations, Gen Assembly, 1937.

Antarctic Treaty. 1959. 12 nations agree for 30 years of demilitarized, nuclear free scientific study.

Atlantic Charter. 1941. British-US declaration of 8 principles of peace and security. Endorsed by >25 nations.

Berlin Conference. 1884. Bismarck called 15 nations to resolve African issues. Congo granted independence. Slavery suppressed.

Biruni, al-. 973-1048. Arab scholar. Chronology of Ancient Nations.

Bourgeois, Léon. 1851-1925. French statesman. League of Nations.

Chinese Examination System. 124BC-1905. Civil service exams testing knowledge of Confucius.

Disarmament Conference. 1932-4. 60 Nations fail to agree due to Hitler’s rise in Germany.

Four Nations, College of. 1661-1793. Paris, Established by Mazarin bequest...Institute of France.

Geneva Protocol. 1924. League of Nations. Prohibits chemical and bacteriological warfare.

Genoa, Conference. 1922. European and Commonwealth nations can’t agree on methods to rebuild Russia. France insists on loan repayment.

Hiawatha. 15C Onondaga chief, legendary founder of League of 5 nations. Longfellow.

Institute of France. 226 members. Comprises Académie Française, 1635; Inscriptions and Belle Lettres, 1663; Science, 1666; Fine Arts 1795; Political Science, 1832. Four Nations.

Iroquois League. (League of 5 Nations). 1570-. Confederation of Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca. Fought for English in American Revolution, Seven Years War.

Italo-Ethiopian War. 1935-6. Italy conquers Ethiopia. Demonstrated League of Nations ineffectiveness.

League of Nations. 1920-46. Versailles. For everlasting peace. Idea of US, who did not join. Germany 1926-33. Maximum 63 nations. Failed 1931 when Japan attacked Manchuria. USSR expelled1939. Dissolved 1946. Mandates.

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