U Thant. 1909-74. Burmese United Nations Secretary General 1961-7.

Utrecht, Union of. 1579. United Provinces alliance created vs Spanish rule in Netherlands.

Valdemar IV. Atterdag. 1320-75. Danish king 1340-. Re-united Denmark. Opposed Hanseatic League. Sold Estonia to Teutonic Knights.

Victor-Emmanuel II. 1820-78. First king of united Italy, 1861-. Peace of Milan, 1848. Cavour.

Victoria. 1819-1901. Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, 1837-. Empress of India 1876-. Colonial expansion. Strict moralist. Lost Hanover Crown by Salic Law.

Wales. Celts. 55BC Rome. 7C +England. 8C Divided. 9C Re-united. 11C Norman. 1284 English suzerainty. 1536 Union with England.

World Bank. 1944. United Nations agency established at Bretton Woods.

World War II. 1939-45. Allies-Britain, France, US(1941-), Russia(1941-) vs Axis-Italy, Germany, Japan, Russia(-1941). Caused by German Totalitarian expansionism resulting from WWI reparations and fear of Communism. 55M dead. 35M wounded. 30M refugees. Cost $US 1500B. Led to United Nations, Soviet power, State of Israel, atomic weapons.

Alba. 843 Kingdom of Picts and Scots, north of Clyde. 1034 +Strathclyde +Cumbria +Lothian.

Annam. 2000BC Kingdom in north Vietnam 1883 French protectorate.

Aragon. 2C BC Rome. 711 Moors. 1035 Independent kingdom. 1076 +Navarre. 1134 -Navarre. 1137 +Catalonia. 1238 +Valencia. 13C +Balearics, Murcia. 1479 +Castile =Spain. Ferdinand.

Armenia. 9C BC Vannic kingdom. 8C BC Persians, Assyrians, Armenians settle. 521BC Persian. 331BC Alexander...Seleucid. 298 Rome. 387 Persia/Byzantine. 7C Moslem. 885 Independent kingdom. 1071 Seljuk. 13C Mongol. 1405 Ottoman/Persian. 1514 Ottoman. 1918 Independent. 1920 Russia/Turkey. 1990 Independent. CIS.

Ashanti Empire. 17-19C Ghana kingdom. Supplied slaves to traders.

Asturias. Former Spanish kingdom. 3-2C BC Rome. 5C Visigoth. 718-910 Only Christian kingdom on Iberia. 910 + León.

Austrasia. 511-751. East Frankish kingdom. Part of Merovingian Empire. 7C Mayors of Palace held power. Carolingian Empire. Clovis. Neustria.

Badakhshan. 255BC-1584. Kingdom in Bactria claiming direct descendance from Alexander the Great.

Bavaria. Celts. 15BC Rome. 488 Germanic tribes. 555 Franks. 788 Charlemagne...817 E Franks. 10C Duchy in HRE. 1180 Wittelsbach. 1805 Kingdom. 1871 German Empire. 1918 Republic. 1919 Weimar Republic. 1933 Germany. 1949 W Germany.

Benin.1625 Abomey kingdom = Dahomey. 1892 France. 1895 French West Africa. 1959 Autonomous. 1960 Independent =Dahomey. 1975 =People’s Republic of Benin.

Bernicia. 6C Anglian kingdom in Northumbria. Deira.

Bhutan. Himalayan kingdom. 9C Tibet invaders settle. c1630 Independent. 17,18C Tibet invades. 1865 Part British 1907 Monarchy. 1910 British Protectorate. 1949 Indian Protectorate.

Bohemia. Celts. 5-6C Slavs. 9C Unified. 1061 HRE. 10C + Moravia + Silesia + Galicia. 1158 Kingdom. 1526 Hapsburg. 1918 Czechoslovakia. 1939-45 German. 1993 Czech Republic.

Bosnia and Herzegovina. Balkans. 1180 Independent Kingdom. 1350 +Hum (Herzegovina). 1463 Ottoman. 1878 Austria-Hungary. 1797 France. 1805 Russia. 1918 Yugoslavia. 1946 Communist. 1992 Independent. 1993 Yugoslav Serbs invade. 1995 Dayton Accord.

Buganda.19C African kingdom. 1890s Britain. 1962 Independent under Uganda. 1966 Uganda.

Bulgaria. Balkans. 7C Bulgar Empire. 1018 Byzantine. 1185 2nd Bulgar Empire. 1396 Ottoman. 1878. Independent kingdom. 1946 People’s Republic. 1991Republic.

Burkina Faso. (Upper Volta). 11C Bobo. 14C Mossi(E)/Gourma(C)...Kingdoms of Yatanga, Ouagadouga. 1895(E)/97(C) French protectorate. 1904 French Sudan. 1919 French colony. 1932-47 Divided Ivory Coast/Niger/French Sudan. 1948 French Territory. 1960 Independent. 1984 =Burkina Faso.

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