U Thant. 1909-74. Burmese United Nations Secretary General 1961-7.

Utrecht, Union of. 1579. United Provinces alliance created vs Spanish rule in Netherlands.

Valdemar IV. Atterdag. 1320-75. Danish king 1340-. Re-united Denmark. Opposed Hanseatic League. Sold Estonia to Teutonic Knights.

Victor-Emmanuel II. 1820-78. First king of united Italy, 1861-. Peace of Milan, 1848. Cavour.

Victoria. 1819-1901. Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, 1837-. Empress of India 1876-. Colonial expansion. Strict moralist. Lost Hanover Crown by Salic Law.

Wales. Celts. 55BC Rome. 7C +England. 8C Divided. 9C Re-united. 11C Norman. 1284 English suzerainty. 1536 Union with England.

World Bank. 1944. United Nations agency established at Bretton Woods.

World War II. 1939-45. Allies-Britain, France, US(1941-), Russia(1941-) vs Axis-Italy, Germany, Japan, Russia(-1941). Caused by German Totalitarian expansionism resulting from WWI reparations and fear of Communism. 55M dead. 35M wounded. 30M refugees. Cost $US 1500B. Led to United Nations, Soviet power, State of Israel, atomic weapons.

Abbadids. 1023-91. Moslem dynasty in Andalusia.

Abbasid. 750-1258. Second Empire of Caliphate dynasty. Overthrew Umayyads; destroyed by Mongols.

Abd al-Mumin. 1094-1163. Founded Almohad Empire in north Africa and Spain. Massacred Almoravids.

Abd ar-Rahman. -732. Moslem Governor of Andalusia. Def, killed at Poitiers.

Abolition Act. 1833. Ends slavery in British Empire.

Aboukir, Battle. Nelson defeats French fleet, 1798. Napoleon defeats Turks, 1799.

Acre. 1450BC- Egypt/ Assyria/ Persia/ Macedonia. 336BC Alexander...Egypt. 1C Rome. 614 Persia. 638 Moslem. 969 Egypt. 1079 Seljuk. 1099 Crusaders. 1104 Jerusalem. 1187 Saladin. 1191 Crusaders. 1291 Mameluks. 1517 Turks. 1918 British. 1948 Israel.

Actium, Battle. 31BC. Octavian defeats Antony to become sole ruler of Roman Empire.

Afghanistan. c200BC Aryan. 6C BC Achaemenid. 330 Alexander...Seleucid/ Maurya. 2C BC Persia/ India/ Parthia/ Kushan. 7C Arab (NW). 750 Persia (W)/ Hindu (E). 1219 Mongol...Timurid. 1525 Mogul. 1737 Persia. 1747 Monarchy. 19 C Britain/Russia dispute 1880 British suzerainty. 1919 Independent. 1973 Marxist coup, Republic. 1978 Communist coup. 1979 Russian occupation. 1989 Mujahideen expel Russians aided by CIA. 1990s Warlords. 2001 US attack Taliban.

Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty. 1668. Ended War of Devolution between France, Spain. 1748. Ended War of Austrian Succession. Hapsburgs weakened, Prussian power recognized.

Akkad. Ancient region in modern Iraq, north of Sumer. c24C BC; center of Sargon’s Semitic Empire.

Alarcos, Battle. 1195. Moslems defeat Christians in Spain, go on to conquer Castile.

Albania. Balkans. 3-5C Visigoth, Huns invade. 6-7C Bulgars, Serbs, Slavs invade.12-15C Bulgar, Norman, Angevin, Serb, Venice contest.15C Ottoman. 1912 Independent republic. 1928 Monarchy (Zog). 1939 Italy occupies. 1945 Communist (Hoxha). 1961 Left Warsaw Pact. 1991 Democratic Constitution.

Albuquerque, Afonso de. 1453-1515. Portuguese conquistador. Expanded empire.

Alexander the Great. 356-323BC. Macedonian king 336-. Conquered an Asian empire to Persia and India.

Alexius I. 1048-1118. Byzantine Emperor 1081-. Restored empire. Requested aid. First Crusade.

Algeria. c2000BC Berber. 12C BC Phoenicia...9C BC Carthage. 146 BC Rome. 429 Vandal. 6C Byzantine. 7C Moslem. c1500 Spain. 1518 Ottoman. 1671 Independent. 1830 France. 1962 Independent.

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