Berbers. Caucasian North African peoples, mostly Moslem. Nomadic since 12C Arab invasions. Almohads. Almoravids. Barbary.

Bessarabia. Disputed Black Sea region between Romania and Russia. 14C Moldavia. 15/16C Ottoman. 1812 Russia. 1918 Romania. 1940 MSSR. 1941 Romania. 1944 USSR. 1991 Moldova.

Biruni, al-. 973-1048. Arab scholar. Chronology of Ancient Nations.

Bukhari, al. 810-870. Arab scholar. Collected sayings of Mohammed.

Carabobo, Battle. 1821. Venezuela defeats Spain, gaining independence.

Dayan, Moshe. 1915-81. Israeli general in Arab-Israeli Wars. Cabinet Minister 1967~79.

Faisal. 1906-75. Saudi king 1964-. Arab-Israeli War 1967. Assassinated by nephew Faisal.

Galilee. N Israel. (Ancient N Palestine). Jesus’ homeland. Absorbed in Arab-Israeli War, 1949.

Galland, Antoine. 1646-1715. French translator of Arabian Nights, introduced the story to Europe 1704.

Gulf War. 1990-91. Allies (US, Britain, France, Egypt, Syria, Saudi Arabia +26 others) expel Iraq from Kuwait.

Ibn al’Arabi. 1165-1240. Spanish Moslem mystical philosopher. Meccan Revelation 1201.

Ibn Khaldun. 1332-1406. Arab historian/sociologist. Introduction to History 1375.

Ibn Tufall. c1100-85. Arab philosopher. Havy Ibn-Yaqzan 1175.

Idrisi. 1100-65. Arab geographer. World Map 1164.

India. North: c2500BC Indus valley civilization. c2000BC Aryans invade. 6C Achaemenid. 5C Persia. 326 Alexander(NW). c300 Maurya Empire. 2C BC Greek, Parthian, Kushan invade. 1C AD Kushan. c320 Gupta Empire. 6C Divided. 5-15C Huns, Arabs, Persians invade 12C Moslem. 1526 Mogul. South: 3000BC Dravidian civilization. 12-13C Rashtrakutas, Cholas. 14C Moslem inv. 15C Vijayanagar Empire. 1498 daGama discovers sea route. 18C British East India Co. 1858 British Empire. 1947 Independent. 1950 Republic.

Iraq. Mesopotamia. 1920 British mandate. 1921 Kingdom = Iraq. 1932 Independent. 1958 Arab Federation 1958 Left-wing coup, Republic. 1963 Anti-Communist coup. 1979 Hussein dictator. 1990 Kuwait Invasion.

Ishmael. Abraham and Hagar’s son, from whom all Arabs descend. Midianites.

Jabir Ibn Hayyan. c721-815. Arab alchemist. Mercury+sulphur=gold. 2,000 works.

Kenya. 7C Arab. 1498 Portugal. 1729 Arab. 1887 British East Africa Company...1895 British protectorate = British East Africa. 1920 British colony = Kenya. 1963 Independent kingdom. 1964 Republic.

Khwarizimi, Al-. c780-850. Persian discoverer of algebra c810. Introduced Arabic numerals.

Kindl. -c870. Arab philosopher. Translated Aristotle.

Kuwait. 1710 Arabs settle. 1899 British protectorate. 1961 Independent. 1963 Constitutional monarchy. 1990-91 Iraq occupation, Gulf War.

Kyrgyzstan. 8C Arabs. 10-13C Kyrgyz settle from Siberia. 1758 China. 19C Uzbek. 1876 Russia. 1926 Kyrgyz SSR. 1991 Independent. CIS.

Lawrence, Thomas (of Arabia). 1888-1935. English writer, officer. Led Arabs against Turks, 1914-18: Seven Pillars of Wisdom 1926.

Leo Africanus. 1485-1554. Arab/Christian traveler. Descriptions of Africa 1550.

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