Round Table. King Arthur and his knights.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1712-78. Swiss Enlightenment philosopher and writer. Began Romantic Movement. Stimulated French and American Revolutions. On Equality 1753. Social Contract 1762 influenced French Revolution (offended authorities), Confessions 1782. Man is prevented from being free only by society and cold science. Goodness and bounty of nature. Goodness of man. Advocates direct democracy at City-State level and dictatorship above. Sovereignty rests with people. General will aims at best for all.

Rowlatt Acts. 1919. Suppressed liberties in British India led to Amritsar Riots, Noncooperation Movement.

Royal Academy of Arts. 1768. 40 members. Based on Hogarth’s Society of Independent Artists.

Royal Scots Guards. 1633. Oldest regular regiment in British Army.

Royal Society of Arts. 1754.

Rude, François. 1784-1855. French sculptor of public monuments. Marseillaise 1833-6.

Rudolf II. 1552-1612. Holy Roman Emperor 1576-. Ended toleration of Protestants.

Rushmore, Mt. 1927~41. 4 US Presidents carved into SD mountain by Borglum.

Russia. 9C Slavs, Rus invade. 862-1598 Rurik dynasty. 1240 Mongol Empire of Golden Horde. 1462 Ivan the Great. 16C Unified. 1613 Romanov dynasty. 1917 Communist. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1991 Russian Federation. CIS.

Russian Civil War. 1918-22. Trotsky’s Red Army defeat White counter-revolutionaries. Baltic liberated.

Ruthenia. 1321 Lithuania. 1772 Russ/Austria-Hungary. 1920 Czechoslovakia. 1939 Hungary. 1945 = Transcarpathian Ukraine (USSR).

SA. 1921-34. Brownshirts. Nazi force for breaking up rival party meetings. Purged on Night of Long the Knives.

Sacco-Vanzetti Case. 1921-7. Italian/US anarchists convicted and executed despite prejudiced trial.

Saigo Takamori. 1827-77. Failed Satsuma Revolt, 1877 vs Meiji.

Sakharov, Andrei. 1921-89. Soviet physicist, human rights activist. Hydrogen bomb. Formed Committee for Human Rights 1970.

Salem Witch Trials. 1692. 19 executed in Massachussets based on adolescent fantasies.

Salpêtrière. 1656. Established by Louis XIV to care for the 55,000 beggars on the streets of Paris. Pinel.

Samanids. 819-999. Persian native dynasty. Flourishing of arts.

Sao Tomé and Principe. 1470 Portugal discovers. 15C Convicts, exiled Jews settle. Important in slave trade. 1951 Portugal Overseas Province. 1975 Independent.

Scheherazade. Entertained the Sultan of the Indies for 1001 nghts with stories, delaying her execution.

Scheidt, Samuel. 1587-1654. German Reformation organ composer.

Schism, Great. 1054 East-West Schism. 1378 Great Schism.

Scotland. c4000BC Inhabited. c1800BC Beaker people. c300BC Celts (Picts). Caledonia. c500 AD Scots (Celts from Ireland) settle. 832 MacAlpin unifies. 945 + Cumbria + Strathclyde. c1016 + Lothian. 1328 Independence acknowledged by England. 1603 James VI becomes James I of England. 1707 Great Britain. 1801 United Kingdom.

Scots Confession. Knox’s Calvinist doctrine, adopted by Scottish parliament 1560.

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