Barents, Willem. 1555-97. Dutch navigator, explorer for NE passage.

Barnburners. 1842-54. US radical anti-slavery Democrats vs Hunkers.

Barons War. 1264-7. England. Led by Montfort vs Henry III’s spending. Evesham. Oxford Provisions. Ended by Marlborough Statute.

Baruch, Bernard. 1870-1965. US financier/elder statesman; adviser to US presidents, Churchill.

Basel, Confessions. 1531, 1536. Statements of Reformation doctrines.

Basel, Peace. 1499. Holy Roman Empire grants Swiss independence.

Baudelaire, Charles. 1821-67. French modernist poet: Fleurs du Mal 1857. Influenced Symbolists.

Bauhaus. 1919-33. German art institute. ’Arts and sciences should cooperate in architecture’ -Gropius.

Bautzen, Battle. 1813. Napoleon defeats Prussians.

Bavaria. Celts. 15BC Rome. 488 Germanic tribes. 555 Franks. 788 Charlemagne...817 E Franks. 10C Duchy in HRE. 1180 Wittelsbach. 1805 Kingdom. 1871 German Empire. 1918 Republic. 1919 Weimar Republic. 1933 Germany. 1949 W Germany.

Bayer, Johann. 1572-1625. German astronomer. Star charts, 1603, include magnitude Greek symbols.

Baylen, Battle. 1808. Spanish mob defeats French army, humiliating Napoleon.

Bechuanaland. Botswana.

Becket, St. Thomas à. 1118-70. Archbishop of Canterbury 1162-, murdered in Cathedral by Henry II’s knights.

Beckett, Samuel. 1906-89. English/Irish novelist, dramatist expressing man’s suffering: Waiting for Godot 1952. Endgame.

Beer Hall Putsch. 1923. Hitler’s unsuccessful Munich uprising. Wrote Mein Kampf while imprisoned 8 months.

Behaviourism. 1913. Actions are response to physical stimuli. Skinner. Watson. Pavlov.

Belgae. 150BC Celts in north Gaul. 75BC to south of England.

Belgium. 150BC Celts. 51BC Rome. 3C Franks. 9C Lower Lorraine. 15C Burgundy. 1477 Hapsburg. 1555 Spain. 1714 Austria. 1795 French. 1814 Austria. 1815 +Holland=United Netherlands. 1831 Independent kingdom. Neutrality guaranteed by Quintuple Treaty 1839. WWII Germans occupy. 1948 Benelux.

Belgrade, Treaty. 1739. Ottoman Empire ends wars with Austria and Russia. Limits Russian ships on Black Sea.

Belinsky, V.G. 1811-48. Russian literary critic. Emphasized social responsibility of literature. “Father of Russian radical intelligentsia.”

Belle Epoque. 1885-1900. Time of flourishing arts and entertainment in Paris. Moulin Rouge.

Belloc, Hilaire. 1870-1953. French/English writer: Bad Child’s Book of Beasts 1896. Cautionary Tales 1907.

Benedict XIII. c1328-1423. Antipope 1394-1417. Great Schism.

Benedict XIV. 1675-1758. Pope 1740-. Promoted arts, learning during Enlightenment.

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