Nuremberg Laws. 1935. German Jews lose citizenship and rights.

OAS. Organisation de l’Armée Secrète. 1961-9. Right-wing terrorist anti-Gaullist group founded by Salan. Failed revolt in Algeria 1961.

Observatory, Paris. 1667-72. Claude Perrault. Dimensions of the solar system 1672, meridians of longitude. Sets Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

Occam, William. c1280-1349. English Franciscan Nominalist philosopher. “Science is about things, philosophy about terms and concepts”. Occam’s razor: “It is vain to do with more, what can be done with fewer” (Science or Logic). Incompatibility of knowledge and faith, 1332. Opposed Aquinas Aristotelian realism. “Universal ideas exist only in the mind”. Influenced Reformation.

Occitan. Langue d’Oc. Romance language of southern France. Dialects include Provençale, the language of the troubadours. Oil.

Ockeghem, Johannes. c1430-96. Innovative Franco-Flemish polyphonist composer. Masses, motets.

O’Connor, Feargus. 1796-1855. Irish/English Chartist.

October Manifesto. 1905. Nicholas II response to Russian Revolution. If enacted would have created a consititutional monarchy. Octobrists.

October Revolution. 1917. Bolsheviks, Lenin and Trotsky overthrow Kerensky’s Socialist provisional government in Russian Revolution.

Octobrists. 1905-17. Russian party seeking enactment of October Manifesto.

Oder-Neisse Line. 1945- Polish-German border established by Potsdam Conference.

Odets, Clifford. 1906-63. US playwright of social protest. Waiting for Lefty 1935. Golden Boy 1937.

O’Donnell, Leopoldo. 1809-67. Spanish general with Isabella II vs Carlists.

Oglethorpe, James. 1696-1785. English. Penal reform. Founded Georgia 1733 as haven for bankrupts.

Ontological Argument. God exists as the most perfect human conception.

OPEC. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. 1961- International cartel sets prices by controlling supply. Created oil shortage 1973.

Open Door. 1900-39. US policy of equal trade rights with China.

Oradour-sur-Glane. 1944. Germans kill residents, burn town. 10 survivors of 652.

Orléanists. 1830-48. French supporters of Louis-Philippe vs republicans and Bonapartists.

Orthodox Church, Eastern. 1054-. Autonomous Christian churches of Middle East, Eastern Europe, Russia using Byzantine rite. East-West Schism.

Osler, William. 1849-1919. Canadian/British physician. Blood platelets 1873. Principles and Practice of Medicine 1892.

Paine, Thomas. 1737-1809. English/US/French political writer for democracy. Common Sense 1776, Rights of Man 1791, Age of Reason 1794.

Pan-African Congress. 1900~45. Promoted interests of blacks worldwide.

Pantheism. Religion or philosophy identifying God with all that exists. Hinduism.

Paraguay. Guarani. 1526 Cabot explores. 1535 Spanish. 1811 Independent. 1954 Dictatorship.

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