Lebanese Crisis. 1958. US Marines intervene in Civil War vs Communists.

Lechfeld, Battle. 955. Otto I halts Magyar expansion.

Lee, Richard. 1732-94. US Continental Congressman. Opposed Constitution, advocated Bill of Rights.

Legislative. Branch of a government that enacts laws.

Legitimists. 19C French Royalist supporters of Bourbon Chambord vs Orleanists, Bonapartists.

Lend-Lease. Agreement between Allies and US during WWII for sharing costs of supplies and foreign exchange obligations.

Lenoir, Alexandre. 1761-1839. Archeologist. Founder of the Museum of French Monuments.

Leo IX, St. 1002-54. Pope 1049-. Excommunicated Cerularius, causing East-West Schism.

Lese Majesty. Crime against state or its ruler. Treason.

Lettres de Cachet. 16C-1789. French royal warrants for arrest. Often political. Bastille.

Leuctra, Battle. 371BC. Thebes defeats Sparta, signalling decline.

Lhato Nyan-tsen. First king of Tibet.

Liberalism, Economic. 19C. Striving for personal profits and liberty. Manchester School. Cobden.

Lincoln, Battle. 1217. Henry III defeats nobles supporting Louis VIII of France.

Lithuania. 1238 Mindaugas unites. 1385 +Poland. 1569 Lublin Union under Poland. 1795 Prussia/ Russia. 1918 Independent. 1926 Smetona putsch. 1940 USSR. 1991 Independent.

Livonia. 9C Livs. 1237 Teutonic Knights. 1569 Lithuania/ Poland. 1660 Sweden. 1721 Russia. 1918 Estonia/ Latvia.

Livonian Knights. 1202-1561. German religious order to Christianize Baltic. Livonia.

Lloyd Webber, Andrew. 1948-. British composer of popular musicals. Jesus Christ, Superstar 1971. Evita 1978. Cats 1981. Phantom of the Opera.

Llwelyn. Welsh prince, 1246-82. With Montfort in Barons War.

Locke, John. 1632-1704. English philosopher. Empiricism-all knowledge is derived from experience: On Civil Government 1689. Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690. ‘Sound mind in a sound body’. Evil brings pain, Good brings pleasure. Advocated separation of legislature from executive, as applied in Britain and US. Natural rights (property, pursuit of happiness, religion) influenced US Constitution, led to Enlightenment. Philosophical basis of French and American Revolutions. Epistemological foundations of modern Science.

Lodi, Battle. 1796. Napoleon defeats Austria in Italy.

LogicalPositivism. 1920s. Philosophy. Only experimentally verifiable scientific truth counts. Vienna Circle. Wittgenstein.

Lombardo, Pietro. 1435-1515. Antonio 1458-1516. Tullio 1455-1532. Italian architects and sculptors. Dante’s tomb 1485. Doge’s Palace 1498.

Lombardy. 5C BC Celt. c200BC Rome. 5C Ostrogoth. 568 Lombards. 774 Charlemagne. 9C Independent towns. 962 HRE. 12C L League. 1337 Milan. 1535 Spain 1713 Austria. 1796 French republic. 1814 Austria. 1859 Italy.

Long March. 1934-5. 100,000 Chinese Communists march from Kiangsi, 6,000 miles to Shensi. Mao became leader. 50,000 die.

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