Innocents, Massacre of. 4BC. Herod has all Bethlehem infants murdered.

Institute of France. 226 members. Comprises Académie Française, 1635; Inscriptions and Belle Lettres, 1663; Science, 1666; Fine Arts 1795; Political Science, 1832. Four Nations.

Intelligentsia. 19C. Educated middle class Russians seeking reform.

Interactionism. Descartes. False idea that the mind affects body through pineal gland.

International. Socialist revolutionary workers movements. First. 1864-76. Founded by Marx in London. Second. 1889-1914. Paris. IFTU. Revived in 1920s. Third. 1919-43. =COMINTERN. Stalin’s Vehicle for world-wide Communist Revolution. Fourth. 1938-53. Trotsky’s Transitional Program for reform.

International Monetary Fund. IMF.1944. Bretton Woods. Lends money to balance foreign exchange deficits and stabilize exchange rates.

Intolerable Acts. 1774. British response to Boston Tea Party, Gaspee burning. Closed Boston Harbor. Established military government. Midwest under Quebec rule...Continental Congress.

Iran-Iraq War. 1980-90. Iraq seeks oil rich Khuzestan. US supports war on Islamic regime.

Ireland. 400BC-100 Celts. 432 Christianity. 8-14C Norse/British invade, settle. 1002 Brian Boru. 1573 English plantations. 1801 United Kingdom. 1921 Irish Free State/Northern Ireland.

Ireland, William. 1777-1835. English forger of Shakespeare manuscripts 1796.

Irish Land Acts. 1870-1903. British legislation for tenant farmers vs landlords.

Irish War. 1919-21. IRA fights for indepence. Irish Free State.

Irredentists. 1878. Italian political party with object of incorporating neighbouring regions.

Isabella II. 1830-1904. Queen of Spain 1833-68. Deposed by Carlists. Salic Law.

Israelites. -930BC. Descendants of Jacob. 930BC- Inhabitants of N Palestine vs Judah. Jews who are not Cohens or Levites.

Issus, Battle. 333BC. Alexander the Great defeats Persians under Darius III.

Jacquerie Revolt. 1358. French peasants revolt vs tax increases to support Hundred Years War. Marcel.

Jainism. 6C BC-. Pacifist ascetic Indian religion incorporating elements of Hinduism.

Jalal ad-Din ar-Rumi. 1207-73. Persian Sufi poet. Founded Whirling Dervishes. Spiritual Couplets.

Jansenism. 1640-1730. Sought return to severity of Augustine. Opposed Jesuits. Gallicanism. Arnauld. Suppressed by Louis XIV. Pascal. Quesnel.

Jason. Led Argonauts in quest for Golden Fleece.

Jeffersonian Republicans. 1790-. US First opposition party. Advocated limited government vs Federalists.

Jemmapes, Battle. 1792. Dumouriez defeats Austrians. French occupy Belgium.

Jesuit Estates Act. 1888. Quebec awards restitution to Jesuits for British land appropriation 1773.

Jewish Revolts. vs Romans. 66-73: Failed, Temple destroyed. 132-5: Suppressed by Hadrian. Jews banished from Jerusalem.

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