Heliopolis. 1800. Egyptian battle. Kléber defeats Mameluks. Original site of Cleopatra’s Needles.

Helots. Spartan slave class. Rebelled 464BC.

Helsinki Accords. 1975. Human rights, freedom, co-operation. Reduced East-West tensions.

Helsinki Group. 1976. Soviet dissidents who monitor human rights aspect of Helsinki Accord. Orlov. Shscharansky.

Henry, Patrick. 1736-99. US revolutionary. “Give me liberty or give me death” 1775. Bill of Rights.

Henry II. 1133-1189. Plantagenet king of England 1154-. Common Law system. Married Eleanor of Aquitaine. Angevin Empire. Becket. Rosamund.

Henry II. 1519-59. French king 1547-. Repressed Protestants. Captured Calais 1558. Treaties of Chambord, Cateau-Cambrésis.

Henry III. 1202-72. English king, 1216-. Provisions of Oxford 1258. Montfort.

Henry IV. of Navarre. 1553-1610. King of France 1589-. Converted to Catholicism. Edict of Nantes protected Protestant rights. ’Reign of Rebuilding’. Assassinated by Ravaillac. Margaret of France.

Hercules, Pillars of. Straits of Gibraltar.

Hermetic Texts. 1/3 C Egyptian astrology and magic books.

Herod. 73-4BC. King of Judaea 37BC-. Massacre of the Innocents.

Hinduism. c 1500BC-. Indian religion. Cycles of life, death, reincarnation. Release by enlightenment. Caste system. Vedas. Root of Buddhism, Jainism, many sects. Upanishads.

Hobbes, Thomas. 1588-1679. English Materialist Determinist philosopher. Nominalist. Royalist. Good is that which brings pleasure; evil, pain. Mind is the result of physical activity in the brain. Elements of Law 1640. Leviathan 1651.

Hodler, Ferdinand. 1853-1918. Swiss Symbolist artist. The Night 1890.

Hoffmann, August. 1798-1874. German poet. Deutschland über alles 1841.

Hogarth, William. 1697-1764. English satirical mural painter. Founded Royal Academy 1739. Rake’s Progress 1732. Marriage à la Mode 1744. Pantheon 1764.

Hogue, La. Battle. 1692. England defeats French navy to prevent invasion.

Holocaust. 1939-45. Nazi killing of of Jews, minorities, opponents and POWs in concentration camps. Final Solution. 5.8 million Jews and 5-11 million non-Jews.

Holst, Gustav. 1874-1934. British composer: original style, harmonic experiments. Planets 1918.

Homestead Acts. 1862 US grants 160 acres free to 5yr settlers. 1885 NZ, 1893 W. Australia grant free land to immigrants. Canada 160 acres for $10..

Hospitallers, Knights. 11C-. Order of St. John. First devoted to aid of pilgrims to Holy Land. Prominent in crusades. Bought Rhodes 1309. Expelled by Ottomans, 1522. Given Malta by Charles V, 1530. Expelled by Napoleon, 1798. = Knights of Malta.

Hostage Crisis. 1979-81. Iranian miltants sieze US Embassy. Hold 52 hostages 444 days.

Hottentots. South African native tribe.

Huai Hai, Battle. 1948-9. Chinese communists gain control of key routes.

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