Lee, Robert E. 1807-70. Brilliant Confederate general. Captured John Brown. Surrender at Appomatox ended Civil War.

Lettres de Cachet. 16C-1789. French royal warrants for arrest. Often political. Bastille.

Leutze, Emanuel. 1816-68. US painter. Washington Crossing the Delaware 1851.

Levellers. 1645-50. English Civil War republican democratic party. Sought religious, political equality and end to monarchy.

Lewes, Battle. 1264. English barons capture Henry III and Prince Edward, force concessions.

Lexington and Concord, Battle. 1775. First American Revolution battle. British march on Concord supply depot. Established guerilla warfare as colonist strategy. 273 British, 95 Americans killed. Paul Revere.

L’Hôpital, Michel de. 1505-73. French statesman, urged tolerance during the Wars of Religion.

Lilburne, John. 1614-57. English leader of Levellers during Civil War.

Lincoln, Abraham. 1809-65. US Republican president 1861-. Civil War. Gettysburg. Emancipation Proclamation. Assassinated. Booth.

Livonian War. 1558-83. Russia fails to conquer Livonia for access to Baltic.

Lloyd George, David. 1863-1945. British Liberal Prime Minister,1916-22. Unemployment insurance. Irish Free State. War cabinet, 1916.

Lloyd’s. English insurance society created in Edward Lloyd’s Coffee House 1688.

Llwelyn. Welsh prince, 1246-82. With Montfort in Barons War.

London Declaration. 1909. Proposed rules for naval warfare. Not ratified.

London Treaty. 1674 Holland, England end War. 1824 Netherlands, Britain for control of Malaya. 1827 Britain, France, Russia to force mediation on Turkey/Greek freedom fighters. 1831 Belgian War of Independence. 1832 Britain, France, Bavaria made Otto I, King of Greece. 1852 Danish Succession. 1867 Luxembourg independence granted. 1871 Ended neutrality of Black Sea. 1913 Ended first Balkan War. 1915 (Secret) Britain-France-Russia grant concessions to Italy for joining WWI allies. Revealed by Bolsheviks 1918.

Long Parliament. 1640-60. Civil War parliament. Ended Charles I attempt to govern without one.

Louis XII. Father of the People. 1462-1515. French King 1498-. Italian Wars.

Louvois, Marquis de. 1639-91. Louis XIV War Minister. Reformed army. Enforced Nantes revocation. Supervised construction of Invalides, Vendôme.

Ludlow, Battle. 1459. War of Roses. York, Warwick routed by Lancastrians.

Lundy’s Lane, Battle. 1814. Canada defeats US invasion. War of 1812.

Lunéville, Treaty. 1801. Austria quit French Revolutionary War. Pope Pius VII restored.

Lycurgus. c390-324BC.Led short revival of Athens after Peloponnesian War.

Lysander. -395BC. Spartan admiral. Captured Athens 404BC. Ended Peloponnesian War.

MacArthur, Douglas. 1880-1964. US Pacific Allied commander, WWII. Commanded Japanese occupation. Led UN forces in Korean War.

MacDowell, Edward. 1860-1908. US piano composer. Symphonic poems. Saracens 1891.

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