Togo. 17-19C Slave trade. 1884 German protectorate = Togoland. 1920 British(W)/ French(E) League of Nations mandate. 1957 British Togo +Gold Coast = Independent Ghana. 1960 French Togo independent = Togo.

Trade Disputes Act. 1906. British unions immune from suits against members’ activities.

Trades Union Congress. TUC. 1868. Organization of British unions sponsoring Labour Party. ICFTU.

Treaty Ports. Japan, China forced by west to open ports to foreign trade. Opium Wars.

Uganda. 1844 Arab traders reach. 1862 British explore. 1894 British protectorate. 1962 Independent. Amin.

U-2 Incident. 1960. US spy plane shot down over USSR. Summit cancelled. Pilot Powers traded for Russian spy Abel 1962.

Vienna, Congress. 1814-15. Redrew map of Europe after Napoleon. Prussia gains Rhine, Westphalia. Swiss borders and neutrality confirmed. Netherlands created from Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg. Malta and Cape Colony ceded to Britain. Russia gets Poland. Austria trades Netherlands for north Italy. France reduced to 1792 borders. Metternich.

Wahabi. 18-19C. Militant Moslem Arab Puritan sect. Fought Porte 1813-15. Invaded Kuwait 1919,27,28; repulsed with British help. 2001 World Trade Center. Taliban.

Walpole, Robert. 1676-1745. English Whig. First Prime Minister 1721-42. Free trade and peace.

Webster-Ashburton, Treaty. 1842. Britain, US settle Eastern US-Canada border, suppress slave trade.

Wilberforce, William. 1759-1833. English campaigner vs slave trade.

World War I. 1914-18. Allies-France, British Empire, Russia, Italy, US(1917-) vs Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire. Caused by Nationalist movements, Balkan instability, trade rivalry, alliances. 30M casualties. First tanks, chemical, planes, submarines. Ended Russian, Ottoman, Austria-Hungarian Empires.

WorldTradeCenter, 1972-2001. New York. Attacked 1993, destroyed September 11, 2001 by al-Qaeda terrorists. Osama bin Laden.

WTO. World Trade Organization. 1995. Successor to GATT. Focus of anti-globalization protests. WFTU.

Anti-Socialist Law. 1878-90. Germans ban unions.

Labour Party. 1888 Scotland. 1890 NZ. 1891 Australia. 1900 Britain. 1930 Israel. Founded by unions, Fabians for democratic change towards socialism. First UK MPs elected 1906. First UK Labour government 1924.

Taft-Hartley Act. 1947. US act regulating unions, strikes.