John II. The Good. 1319-64. King of France 1350.- Hundred Years War. Captured at Poitiers, ransomed for 3M écus. Annexes SW France.

Laudon, Gideon. 1717-90. Estonian/Austrian Hapsburg field marshal in Seven Years War.

Mantuan Succession, War. 1628-31. French fight Hapsburgs over Mantua in 30 Years War.

Mazowiecki, Tadeusz. 1927-. Polish Prime Minister 1989. First non-communist Prime Minister in Eastern Europe in 40 years.

Methusaleh. Biblical patriarch. Lived 969 years.

Minden, Battle. 1759. Prussia and Britain defeat French. Seven Years War.

Montcalm, Louis. 1712-59. French general killed defending Quebec against the English. Seven Years War.

Neorealism, Italian. 1920-60. Literary movement supressed by Fascists. Moving autobiographical accounts of the war years. Quasimodo.

Oberammergau. 1634- Passion play every ten years commemorates plague of 1633.

Ojibwa. (Chippewa). North American Indians near Great Lakes. Supported French vs British in 7 Years War, British vs Americans in Revolution.

Olympiad. Greek measure of time = 4 years.

Orléans, Siege. 1428-9. 8 month English siege ended by Joan of Arc. Turning point of 100 Years War.

Paris, Treaties. 1229 Ends Albigensian Crusade. Louis gains Toulouse. 1327. England loses territory to France. 1763 Ends Seven Years War. Britain gets French holdings in Canada. Spain gets American territory. 1783 Ends American Revolution. US borders fixed. 1814 Ends Napoleonic Wars, restoring 1792 borders. Napoleon exiled to Elba. 1815 Ends Hundred Days. 1790 borders, reparations. Napoleon to St. Helena. 1856 Ends Crimean War. Black Sea neutral. Regulated Laws of High Seas. 1898 Ends Spanish American War. Spain cedes Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico to US. 1947. Settled European borders after WWII.

Pitt, William, the Elder. 1708-78. English statesman, Prime Minister 1756~68. Pursued Seven Years War. “The Great Commoner”.

Prague, Battle. 1757. Austria defeats Prussia in Seven Years War.

Quebec, Battle. 1759. British defeat French in Seven Years War. 1775 Quebec Campaign.

Republic French. 1792-1804 First. 1848-52 Second. Napoleon III. 1870-1940 Third. 1946-58. Fourth. 23 governments in 12 years. 1958-. Fifth. DeGaulle.

Rodney, George. 1718-92. British admiral. Seven Years War. American Revolution.

Seven Years War. 1756-63. France, Russia, Austria vs England, Prussia who retain Silesia, emerge as major power. French colonial power reduced. England gains New France, India. French-Indian Wars.

Simeon, St. c390-459. Syrian ascetic hermit. Spent 30 years on top of a pillar.

Soranus. 1-2C. Greek gynecologist. Described contraception. Dominated medicine 1500 years.

Ten Years’ War. 1868-78. Failed Cuban rebellion vs Spain. Virginius Affair.

Tewkesbury, Battle. 1471. Yorkists regain English throne for 12 years.

Tours, Truce. 1444-49. Break in Hundred Years War.

Triennial Act. 1640. Charles I agrees to call parliament every 3 years. 1694. New election every 3 years.

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