Allen, Ethan. 1738-89. Led Green Mountain Boys in American Revolution. Failed to take Montreal, 1775.

Alphabet. 1500BC. Semitic invention developed through mnemonic, pictorial, ideographic, and phonetic stages.

Althing. 930~. Icelandic parliament. World’s oldest.

Althusius, Johannes. 1557-1638. German jurist. “Father of Federalism”.

Altranstadt, Peace. 1706 Sweden-Poland: Augustus renounces Polish throne. 1707 Sweden-HRE: HRE buys Swedish neutrality in War of Spanish Succession. 1714 Louis XIV-Charles VI.

Amazons. Mythical women warriors. Fought Greeks at Troy.

Amboina Massacre. 1623. 20 British and Japanese merchants executed by Dutch for plotting overthrow.

American Civil War. 1861-5. Abolitionist North defeats slave-owning South. Britain and France support South, Russia supports North. Union. Confederacy.

Amethyst Incident. 1949. Escape of British frigate from China.

Amiens Cathedral. 1220-1270. Romanesque/Gothic.

Amish. 17C-. Conservative Mennonites. 19-20C migrated to North America.

Amphion. Thebian king with magic lyre.

Amundsen, Roald. 1872-1928. Norwegian explorer, first to South Pole, 1911; NW Passage, 1906.

An. Sumerian god of heaven, father of all gods.

Anabaptists. 1520- Christian sect. Adult baptism. No clergy. Salvation via faith. Millenialist. Hutterites, Mennonites, Quakers. Peasants War.

Anarchism. 19C Philosophy: “Every man should be his own government, his own law, his own church”-Owen. Thoreau’s return to nature, passive resistance, and no taxes influenced Ghandi. Proudhon. Tolstoy. Godwin.

Anarchism, Communistic. Marxist revolutionary version of anarchism that seeks to overthrow the state. Bakunin. Kropotkin. Assassinated: Sadi-Carnot, Empress Elizabeth, Umberto I, McKinley.

Anatolia. 1900BC Hittite(C)/ Akkadian(E). 1200BC Phrygian. 8C Lydia. 546 Cyrus. 334BC Alexander. 133 AD Rome...Byzantine. 1071 Seljuk. 1243 Mongol/Crusaders. 1307 Ottoman. 1920 Turkey.

Andalusia. Region of S Spain. 9C BC Phoenecia. 210BC Rome. 5C Vandal, Visigoth. 8C Moslem. 14C Christian. 1492 Castile.

Andersen, Hans Christian. 1805-75. Danish author of fairy tales: Little Mermaid 1832, Princess and the Pea, Ugly Duckling.

Andorra. Ibericbasc. Greeks/Carthaginians/Romans/Visigoths 8C Muslim. 803 Charlemagne. 1133 Bishop of Urgell. 1159 Fiefdom of Foix. 1278- Principality under joint French, Spanish suzerainty. 1993 Constitution. Coprincipality.

André, John. 1750-80. British officer in American Revolution. Conspired with Benedict Arnold.

Andrea del Sarto. 1486-1530. Florentine fresco painter: Annunziata frescoes. Madonna of the Harpies 1517.

Andrew, St. Apostle and martyr. Patron saint of Scotland and Russia. Peter’s brother.

Andromeda. Ethiopian wife of Perseus.

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