Westphalia, Peace of. 1648. Conclusion of the Thirty Years War between Germany, France, and Sweden and Spanish-Dutch 80 Years War. Formal recognition of Swiss independence. Dutch independence. HRE weakened. Religious toleration. Confirmed Augsburg.

White Mountain, Battle. 1620. First battle of Thirty Years War. Catholic League defeats Bohemian nobles.

Wittstock, Battle. 1636. Sweden defeats Holy Roman Empire in Thirty Years War.

Wolfe, James. 1727-59. British general. Captured Quebec in Seven Years War 1759.