Lloyd’s. English insurance society created in Edward Lloyd’s Coffee House 1688.

Llwelyn. Welsh prince, 1246-82. With Montfort in Barons War.

London Declaration. 1909. Proposed rules for naval warfare. Not ratified.

London Treaty. 1674 Holland, England end War. 1824 Netherlands, Britain for control of Malaya. 1827 Britain, France, Russia to force mediation on Turkey/Greek freedom fighters. 1831 Belgian War of Independence. 1832 Britain, France, Bavaria made Otto I, King of Greece. 1852 Danish Succession. 1867 Luxembourg independence granted. 1871 Ended neutrality of Black Sea. 1913 Ended first Balkan War. 1915 (Secret) Britain-France-Russia grant concessions to Italy for joining WWI allies. Revealed by Bolsheviks 1918.

Long Parliament. 1640-60. Civil War parliament. Ended Charles I attempt to govern without one.

Louis XII. Father of the People. 1462-1515. French King 1498-. Italian Wars.

Louvois, Marquis de. 1639-91. Louis XIV War Minister. Reformed army. Enforced Nantes revocation. Supervised construction of Invalides, Vendôme.

Ludlow, Battle. 1459. War of Roses. York, Warwick routed by Lancastrians.

Lundy’s Lane, Battle. 1814. Canada defeats US invasion. War of 1812.

Lunéville, Treaty. 1801. Austria quit French Revolutionary War. Pope Pius VII restored.

Lycurgus. c390-324BC.Led short revival of Athens after Peloponnesian War.

Lysander. -395BC. Spartan admiral. Captured Athens 404BC. Ended Peloponnesian War.

MacArthur, Douglas. 1880-1964. US Pacific Allied commander, WWII. Commanded Japanese occupation. Led UN forces in Korean War.

MacDowell, Edward. 1860-1908. US piano composer. Symphonic poems. Saracens 1891.

Macedonian Wars. 214~148BC. 4 Wars vs Rome reduced Macedonia to Roman province.

Mad Parliament. 1258. Barons give financial aid to Henry III in exchange for reform. Oxford Provisions.

Madrid, Treaty. 1526. Charles V, Francis I truce in Italian Wars. 1670. Spain cedes Jamaica to Britain.

Magdeburg. 1631. German republic destroyed by Tilly in Thirty Years War.

Maine. 1898. US battleship destroyed at Havana. Excuse for Spanish American War.

Malplaquet, Battle. 1709. Marlborough defeats French in war of Spanish Succession.

Malta. c800BC Phoenecia...Carthage. 218BC Rome. 5C Vandal/ Goth. 6C Byzantine. 870 Arab. 1090 Sicily. 1530 Knights of St. John. 1798 French. 1814 British. 1964 Indepependent. 1974 Republic. Population awarded George Cross 1942.

Malthus, Thomas. 1766-1834. English economist, warned population would exceed food supply. Essay on Population 1798.

Mantuan Succession, War. 1628-31. French fight Hapsburgs over Mantua in 30 Years War.

Maori Wars. 1843-7. 1863-4. 1869-70. NZ settlers displace native Maori.

Maratha Wars. 1775-1818. British defeat Maratha Confederacy in India.

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