Western European Union. 1948. Britain, France, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg. 1954 +Italy, Germany. 50 year treaty. NATO. European Defense Community.

William II. Rufus. 1056-1100. King of England 1087-. Brutal. Subjugated Scotland, Wales.

Witte, Sergei. 1849-1915. Russian finance minister 1892-1903. Trans-Siberian Railway. Capitalistic policies. First Prime Minister 1905-6.

Wolf, Hugo. 1860-1903. Austrian poet/song writer. Subtle interweaving of piano and vocal based on German, Spanish, Italian poems.

World War I. 1914-18. Allies-France, British Empire, Russia, Italy, US(1917-) vs Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire. Caused by Nationalist movements, Balkan instability, trade rivalry, alliances. 30M casualties. First tanks, chemical, planes, submarines. Ended Russian, Ottoman, Austria-Hungarian Empires.

World War II. 1939-45. Allies-Britain, France, US(1941-), Russia(1941-) vs Axis-Italy, Germany, Japan, Russia(-1941). Caused by German Totalitarian expansionism resulting from WWI reparations and fear of Communism. 55M dead. 35M wounded. 30M refugees. Cost $US 1500B. Led to United Nations, Soviet power, State of Israel, atomic weapons.

Wright, Frank Lloyd. 1869-1959. US “organic” architect. Introduced glass and steel forms. Guggenhem Museum 1943-59. Taliesin West 1938.

Wundt, Wilhelm. 1832-1920. German “father of” experimental psychology 1858.

Wyat, Thomas. 1503-42. English poet. Introduced Italian sonnet form to English.

Xanadu. (To-lun). 1256. Mongol Kublai Khan’s summer capital.

Yalta Conference. 1945. Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin. Decided partition of Europe after WWII. USSR enters war vs Japan. Potsdam. San Francisco Peace.

Yezhovshchina. 1936-8. Stalin’s Purge led by NKVD chief Yezhovshchina.

Young Italy. 1831-48 Mazzini movement to establish an Italian Republic.

Yüan. 1279-1368. Chinese Mongol dynasty founded by Kublai Khan. Grand Canal. Postal system. Marco Polo.

Yugoslavia. Balkans. 1918 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, Slovenes. 1929 =Yugoslavia. 1929-31 Dictatorship. 1941-45 Italy, Germany occupy. 1945 Socialist Federation of Republics. 1948 Broke Soviet ties. 1991 -Croatia, Slovenia, Civil war. Serbia. Croatia. Bosnia-Hercegovina. Slovenia. Macedonia. Montenegro. Tito. Kosovo.

Zadar. Dalmatia. 9C BC Liburnian colony. 1C BC Rome...Byzantine. 1409 Venice. 1797 Austria. 1808 France, «Illyrian Kingdom. 1813 Austria. 1918 Italy. 1944 Yugoslavia.

Zenger, John. 1697-1746. US publisher. Libel acquittal based on being fact 1735, key to freedom of press.

Zinoviev, Grigori. 1883-1936. Russian triumvir with Stalin, Kamenev 1919-26. Executed in Purge. COMINTERN chairman 1919-.

Zog I. 1895-1961. King of Albania 1928-39. Dependent on Mussolini. Deposed after Italy invaded.

Zuccarelli, Francesco. 1702-88. Italian landscape artist. Influenced English. Florentine Royal Academy 1768.

Zululand. c1800 Mtetwa Empire. 1843 British. 1897 Natal. Boer War.