Tithes. 10% tax paid to church. Implemented by Christians, 4C-9C. Enforced by law 8C; 10C England. Abolished: 1789 France, 1887 Italy, 1871 Ireland. 1836 England converted to rent and reduced; abolished 1936.

Tithonus. Prince endowed with immortality, but not eternal youth. Became grasshopper.

Tito, Josip Broz. 1892-1980. Yugoslav WWII Partisan leader. Led government 1945-. President 1953-, for life 1974-. Defied Stalin 1948.

Togliatti, Palmiro. 1893-1964. Co-founder, Italian Communist Party. Leader 1926-.

Torricelli, Evangelista. 1608-47. Italian physicist. mercury barometer, vacuum 1643.

Toscanini, Arturo. 1867-1957. Italian virtuoso conductor of Verdi, Beethoven.

Totalitarianism. Government which tries to fully control life of citizens. Fascist Italy. Nazi Germany. Communist Russia.

Totila. -552. Ostrogoth king. Reconquered Italy.

Transcendental Meditation. Based on Vedas. Modern movement established by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 1958.

Transcendentalism. 1835-55. US philosophy. Man’s divinity and goodness. Insight over logic. Opposed to authority. Thoreau. Emerson. Channing.

Transcontinental Treaty. 1819. Spain renounces Florida, Oregon to US. Keeps Texas.

Tripartite Pact. 1940. Japan joins German-Italian Axis. Joined by Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, 1940; Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Croatia, 1941.

Triple Alliance. 1668 England, United Provinces, Sweden vs France to protect Spanish Netherlands. 1717 France, England, Dutch Republic vs Spain...Quadruple Alliance. 1788-90 British, Dutch Republic, Prussia vs spread of Russo-Swedish War. 1795. England, Austria, Russia vs threat of French Revolution.1882-1914. Germany, Austria, Italy vs Triple Entente.

Trotsky. Lev Bronstein. 1879-1940. Russian Bolshevik revolutionary, with Lenin anti-Stalin. “Worldwide Permanent Revolution”-socialism in Russia requires revolution everywhere. Favoured International Communism over Stalin’s Russian nationalism. Organized First Soviet 1905. Twice banished to Siberia by Czar. 1918 War Commissar...Red Army. Banished by Stalin 1929. Murdered in exile in Mexico.

Troubadours. 11-13C. Wandering lyric poets of south France and Italy.

Tubruq, Battle. WWII. British defeat Italians in Libya.

Tuscany. 1000BC Etruscans. 3C Rome = Tuscia. 6C Lombardy. 774 Franks. 12C Independent. 1434 Medici. 1737 Hapsburg-Lorraine. 1800 French Kingdom of Etruria. 1814 Hapsburg. 1849 Republic. 1861 Italy.

Two Sicilies. Naples and Sicily. All Italy south of papal states. 11C Norman. 12C HRE. 1282 Angevin(N)/Aragon(S). 1443 Aragon. 1495-1504 French(N). 1713 Austria(N) /Savoy(S). 1734 Spain. 1759 Independent Bourbon. 1799-1802 France. 1861 Italy.

Ugolino della Gherardesca. -1289. Italian Guelf noble. Executed by starvation for treason.

Ulbricht, Walter. 1893-1973. East German Stalinist General Secretary 1950-71. Head of State 1960-. Ordered Berlin Wall.

Umberto I. 1844-1900. 2nd king of Italy 1878-. Assassinated by anarchists.

Umberto II. 1904-83. Last king of Italy 1946.

Umbria. Central Italy. Conquered by Rome c3C BC.

Ur. 4000BC Sumerian city on Euphrates River. Mesopotamian capital 26~21C BC.

Uruguay. 1516 Díaz discovers. 1683 Portugal. 1777 Spain(La Plata). 1820 Brazil. 1828 Independent.

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