Naples. 758BC settled. 326BC Rome. 1072 Norman. 1130 +Sicily. 1282 -Sicily. 1443 +Sicily under Aragon= Two Sicilies. 1799-1806 Parthenopean Republic. 1861 Italy.

Natal. Bantu. 1497 DaGama discovers. 19C Zulu. 1838 Boer. 1843 British. 1910 South Africa.

NATO. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1949- Collective defence alliance of Western European and North Atlantic countries to preserve democratic freedom. UK, Canada, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Portugal, US. 1952 Greece, Turkey, 1955 FRG. 1964 -Greece. 1966 -France. 1980 +Greece. 1982 +Spain. 1993 +France. 1999 +Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic. 2004 +Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.

Neorealism, Italian. 1920-60. Literary movement supressed by Fascists. Moving autobiographical accounts of the war years. Quasimodo.

Nervi, Pier. 1891-1979. Italian architect. UNESCO Building, Paris 1953. Olympic Stadium, Rome.

New World Order. 1940. Germany, Italy, Japan plan for world domination.

New York City. 1609 Hudson discovers. 1624 Dutch New Amsterdam. 1626 Manhattan Purchase. 1664 English. 1785-90 US capital.

Nineveh. c6500BC. Capital of Assyrian Empire 700-612BC.

Nobile, Umberto. 1885-1978. Italian general, flew over South Pole in a dirigible, 1926, with Amundsen, Ellsworth.

Novotny, Antonin. 1904-75. Stalinist Czech leader 1953-68. Deposed.

Offenbach, Jacques. 1819-80. German/French light operatic composer: Tales of Hoffman. Orpheus 1859.

Omri. -c872BC. King of Israel c884-. Established capital at Samaria.

Opéra-Comique. 18C-. French light opera infl by Italian Opera Buffa. Grétry.

Oriental Canon Law. 880. Ecclesiastical laws of Eastern Christian churches.

Orlando, Vittorio. 1860-1952. Italian Prime Minister 1917-19. Versailles negotiator.

Orsini Affair. 1858. Unsuccessful plot on Napoleon III led to his interest in Italian unity.

Osama bin Laden. 1957-. Wahabi Saudi Arabian construction magnate turned terrorist. World Trade Center. Taliban. al-Qaeda.

Osceola. c1804-38. Seminole leader. Arrested at truce talks.

Ostrogoths. Germanic peoples. 3C Ukraine kingdom. 406 kingdom in Italy. 370 conquered by Huns. 493 conquered Italy. 555 dispersed by Justinian. Goths.

Paganini, Niccolo. 1782-1840. Italian violinist, composer. Revolutionized harmonics use. Capricci 1801-7.

Paix des Dames. Cambrai Treaty. 1529. Francis I’s mother and Charles V’s aunt negotiate halt to Italian Wars.

Palestrina. 1525-94. Italian composer. Pioneer of chordal music. A capella choir 1585. Improperia 1560.

Palladio, Andrea. 1508-80. Italian architect. Reintroduced Roman symmetry and proportion to Venetian villas. Suspension Bridge 1550. Architecture 1570.

Panmunjom. Site of Korean peace talks 1951-3.

Papal States. 756-1870. Italian territory under Pope. Recognized 1279 by HRE; lost during Italian Unification. Pepin Donation.

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